Test 4 Flashcards
Development of intelligence tests
Galton and Cattell Binet Intelligence unitary? Army alpha and beta tests immigration, racism, and intelligence
Galton
individual differences interest started mental testing movement
all knowledge comes from sensory
invented correlation and regression
Cattell
Testing
used JND, motor tests to develop sensory measure
grad student evaluation the correlation between measures and beween each measure and GPA but NOT correlated with intelligence
Binet
evaluate intelligence of children. easy to difficult. age ranges: if 75% of children that age can do it
french government had compulsory education. What to do with students with intellectual difficulties? need to identify them. Binet on committee to identify children for sped. should use cognitive abilities
used empirical rather than theoretical approach
Binet and Simon Test, 1908
3 years: point to eyes, nose, and mouth. repeat 6 syllable senence. name objects in pictures
5 years: copy a square, compare the weight of 2 boxes. repeat 10 syllable sentence
11 years: criticize absurd sentence
William Stern
IQ concept: Mental age over chronological age
is intelligence unitary?
Charles Spearman
Factor analysis
1904 book
S (specific factors) + G (general factors)
Wechsler
said G can be broken down into 2 factors: verbal and performance
Army alpha
APA made intelligence test for war
1917 US joined war
for recruits who could read and write
superior intelligance could be considered for officer training
mentally challenged to not be in army
Start using right after developed but war ends and commanders didn’t see value and didn’t use
helped everyone know about psychology and intelligence tests
Terman
adapted Binet and Simon for US
made it easier to score
Robert Yerkes
testing WWI
APA president
testing recruitments
said mental age of southern or eastern Europe were 2 years mentally behind those from northern Europe
Army Beta
for recruits who couldn’t read and write
Scientific racism
connected to intelligence testing
economic boom at end of 19th century and immigrants came.
Henry Goddard
Henry Goddard
translated binet-simon into english and supervised testing of immigrants at Ellis island
analyses said that high proportions of Jewish, Italian, and Russians and said that mentally challenged
Culturally biased tests
- existing tests culturally biased
- environmental factors (like upbringing) can influence scores
Horace Bond
Psychs turned against intelligence is innate with Nazis
Rise of behaviorism because rejected nativist explanations
Horace Bond
noticed culturally biased tests
Eugenics Movement
Galton
scientific racism
selective breeding could improve intelligence of our species
White Supremacy Movement
Haeckel
scientific racism
warfare and government policy can eliminate inferior races
weed out inferior people
Social Darwinsim
Sumner
scientific racism
Government should help businessmen, not poor people
Anti-Immigration movement
Goddard
scientific racism
mental testing of immigrants, northern Europeans are only desirable immigrants
Gestalt
Whole is more than the sum of the parts Pattern, form, and configuration reaction to structuralism 1912 founders: Max Wertheimer, Kurt Koffka, and Wolfgang Kohler Ernst Mach Phi Phenon Perceptual Organization Kurt Lewin
Ernst Mach
Gestalt
criticized atomist and behaviorism
physicist and philosopher
logical positivism: operational defintion
Phi Phenomenon
Max Wertheimer published paper on
Apparent motion: all movement in tv, cinema, and computers is illusory
stationary images are presented in rapid succession like flip book
apparent motion can’t be explained by kinesthetics
Perceptual organization
gestalt’s biggest contribution
figure is the object you are paying attention to
ground is the background (everything else)
partly under voluntary control
based theory on force fields: stimulus information interacts with force fields of brain. force fields are influenced by sensory info
Laws of Perceptual organization 5
- law of proximity: elements that are near to one another tend to be grouped together, they tend to be seen as a unit
- Law of similarity: elements that are similar to one another tend to be grouped together and seen as a unit
- Law of good continuation: elements that form a line or a curve tend to be grouped together and seen as a unit
- Law of closure: if a figure has a gap, we tend to close the gap and not notice it
- law of common fate (motion): elements that move together tend to be grouped together and seen as a unit. Camouflage: only works if animal doesn’t move
Modern view of gestalt
vision can be explained by info processing, stages. some gestalt applies (see slide)
subjective-behaviorists and cog psychs objected. RT, EEG
Kurt Lewin
social psychs and IO founder. also did gestalt work
motivation
Types of conflict with goals
Avoidance-Avoidance: 2 options, both unpleasant
Approach-Approach: choice between 2 that are both attractive
Approach-Avoidance: mixed feelings about both options, ambivalant (valances)
Freud
born in czech republix
medical school university of vienna
first 6 pubs on cocaine
case study Anna O
Anna O
Hysteria: psychosomatic illness in which emotional problem cause the patient to develop either multiple personalities or physical symptoms, wuch as paralysis of part of the body.
real name: Bertha von Pappenheim. He wasn’t physician
Psychoanalysis
founded 1895
freud and breuer’s book
- person suffers emotional trauma
- Memories are repressed
- The unconscious, negative emotions manifests themselves in somatic symptoms such as paralyzed arm
Therapy for hysteria
During hypnosis, the patient relieves trauma. Repressed emotions are freed and symptoms go away (Cartharis). Sometimes projects emotions and experiences from past relationships onto therapist (transference)
Seduction Error
Freud reported that nearly all of his patients claimed to have been sexually abused by their fathers. But then he decided that he was wrong and they were just fantasizing. However, doesn’t matter that weren’t abused, because even imagining it is traumatic and unconscious can’t tell the difference.
Mental architecture
id, ego, and superego
id: all motivation: hunger, thirst, sex, aggression. The libido is the energy that drives our behavior.
acting alone, the id only has 2 means by which to satisfy a need: 1. Reflex Action 2. Wish fulfillment (dreams)
Ego: serves as a mediator beween the id and physical world. Provides real fulfillment of needs
Superego: moral force that controls our behavior. Conscious. Newborn has no superego
Universal dream content
manifest: what you dream
Latent content: what it means, like death, parents, penis, vagina, birth
Defense mechanisms
used by unconscious to reduce anxiety
- Denial
- Projection
- Sublimation-diverting impulses from the id into socially acceptable behavior. sex drive
- Repression
- Rationalization
- Reaction formation
Psychosexual development
oral stage
anal stage
phallic stage
Oral stage
birth to one year
getting pleasure from sucking, chewing, and swallowing .
if soemthing goes wrong: excessive drinker, smoker, and kisser. oral incorporative personality
anal stage
ages 1-2.
phase 1: anal expuslive: bowel movements. gets pleasure. if something goes wrong: anal expulsive personality (messy, wastful, disorganized)
Phase 2: pleasure from withholding bowel movements. Anal retentive personality (well organized, neat, and perfectionist)
