Test 3 Flashcards

Question

Electrical impulses

Answer 1

represent visual images, voices, sounds. In our brain, just pattern of electrical impulses represents thoughts, emotion, perception, and intention memories are patterns of synaptic connections

Answer 2

Helmholtz method- when compare two trials, trial why latency on trial 2 is different than trial 1-has to go further, inserted stage if estimate duration of mental process (like deciding on pressing which button). create two tasks, in one has to decide which to press, in other already know which to press. can subtract and get reaction time

Answer 3

1800s Dutch Ophthalmologist invented "subtraction method" for analyzing reaction time with language Go/NoGo reaction time task. 5 possible stimuli. Ignores all except Ki, if hears Ki then reacts ("goes"). compare to simple RT task, the stimulus is always "Ki" and always respond with no discrimination needed. Inserted stage is perceptual discrimination. 3rd task= Choice Reaction Time task. Estimate how long response selection takes. 5 responses to choose from. In choice has to select response (inserted stage) Basis for cognitive psych research. Wundt used

Answer 4

Donders objective estimate for the duration of a cog process did with lang and saying sounds-used tongue depressor that turned off clock

Answer 5

1. assumption of pure insertion (Oswald Kulpe) inserting a stage such as a response selection, might change the duration of other stages 2. Assumption of Nonoverlapping stages: a later stage might begin before the preceding stage is completely finished

Answer 6

1969 brought back subtraction method and cog approach working memory gets memory set and task is to hold in working memory and determine if probe letter was in set see flow chart pure insertion assumption: adding each item makes the RT increase by 32 ms.

Answer 7

mental chonometry now latency of brain waves

Answer 8

EEG? Hans Berger discovered Adrain replicated EEG helped determine sleep and types of sleep and diagnosing epilepsy once computers could study a lot more like signal averaging

Answer 9

``` hydraulic theory (balloon theory) disproved in 1600s by Swammerdam showed that the volume of a muscle does not change when activated ``` muscle not like balloon. but when flex muscle, it gets bigger. creates force by contracting

Answer 10

1771 touched electrically charged piece of metal to frog legs *nervous system works by electricity* Ben Franklin (lightening) influenced him 1791 writes up results in book Alessandro Volta got copy of book nephew did study on dead bodies-moved triggers action potential, muscle thinks brain sent and contracts

Answer 11

Galvonometer-compass meter 1820 device to measure electricity Matteuci 1843 measured electricity in the body. discovered resting potential neurons charged like batteries .07 volts (or -70 mV). positive and negative ions, ready for action potential if stimulated then action potential (spike, nerve impulse). travels down axon. stops and squirts out neurotransmitter depolarize: become less negative membrane potential: voltage inside the cell, compared to outside

Answer 12

1843 measured electricity in the body compares interior of cell and exterior. measure the difference, found voltage with compass meter discovered resting potential

Answer 13

neutransmitters stored in vesicles when action potential arrives at terminal button, causes transmitter to squirt out some transmitter molecules active receptors on the post-synaptic cell membrane seratonine=happiness dopamine=reward center citocolim (sp)=alzheimers neurepiphine=arousal

Answer 14

1800s discovered action potential 1847 what if animals don't normally make electricity? what if just injured? didn't cut in half leads to Helmholtz's experiment with velocity

Answer 15

recording action potential in single cell in a muscle 1900s action potentials all the same size (All or nothing principle) instead *rate* of firing, how many action potentials per second replicated Berger's brain activity findings

Answer 16

1850-1950 founded physiology department at KU invented glass pipette electrode small enough to record from a single neuron

Answer 17

studied squid giant axon impulse travels slowly bc it is based on charged particles moving into and out of the axon

Answer 18

1929 measure electrical activity in humans (?) EEG on brain, discovered Alpha rhythm (come from back of head, if closes head and doesn't think then big waves but if looks at something or imagines then goes away. alpha waves means the cortex is not doing anything)- 8-12 cycles per second and Beta waves

Answer 19

brain debate

Answer 20

mind: Hippocrates heart: Aristotle settled in 1600s William Harvey demonstarting that heart pumps blood Descartes theorized that soul in brain and sensiormotor controlled by nervous system, hydraulic

Answer 21

Descarte discovered, Robert Whytt first to systematically study: terms stimulus and response. Whytt, some reflexes are in the brain and others in spinal cord frog intact: flexer withdrawal reflex (leg) cuts head off and brain gone: leg withdrawal (Brain not necessary) brain and spinal cord destroyed: no response, spinal cord needed for flexer withdrawal

Answer 22

1800s Sensory info enters spinal cord from back (dorsal) and motor info leaves from front side (ventral). brain is similiar supports Whytt

Answer 23

who discovered law first? Francois Magendie (1800s) cut nerve on either front or back side of the spinal cord and then observed effects on behavior (treated animals awful, started animal rights movement) Sir Charles Bell: claimed Magendie's were unnecessary bc he had discovered law earlier. Bell thought he was more humane

Answer 24

in dispute over who discovered Bell-Magendie Law | should get more credit

Answer 25

in dispute over who discovered Bell-Magendie Law back-dated, wasn't doing everything he said he was

Answer 26

brain highly specialized bump was muscle depression= underdeveloped Franz Gall 1700-1800s 1810 Johann Spurzheim published first book bumps on head don't correspond well to bumps on brain list of faculties and personality traits was arbitrary and no research Pros: convinced public that mind is in brain. said personality and mental abilities could and should be measured. noted that brains of women and blacks not inferior. made future theories of specialization easier to accept

Answer 27

52 areas of cortex | connected to phrenology

Answer 28

``` 1800s animal lesion studies: took male dog and cut open skull and destroyed cerebellum. nursed back to health. put with female dog in heat. still mated. falsified Gall and Spurzheim's prediction sex drive (amativeness) located by Gall and SPurzheim at back of brain (cerebellum) ``` supported holistic view of brain based on animal studies but did make some distinctions in brain: 1. cerebral hemispheres: perception, judgement, memory, and voluntary behavior 2. Cerebellum: motor control 3. Medulla: control of basic life functions (respiration, blood pressure, etc). lesion not a good way to study this part

Answer 29

Flourens (but supported some specialization) clinical neurologists: didn't matter where brain was damaged, just how much damage Karl Lashley (tried to find where memories were located, failed) didn't deny sensory areas behaviorists opposed to

Answer 30

discovered brain region that controls ability to talk | left side

Answer 31

discovers brain region that controls ability to understand spoken speech left side

Answer 32

accident 1848 change in personality. might be part of brain for personality case supported specialization view of brain

Answer 33

discovered motor cortex 1800s electric shocks to different places in dog's brain David Ferrier discovered visual cortex and auditory

Answer 34

Gustav Fritsch and Eduard Hitzig | Gage

Answer 35

1900s attempted to find locus of memory in rat didn't matter where made the cut, no one place where memory was location doesn't matter, what matters is the amount of tissue damaged missed hippocampus

Answer 36

study of behavioral consequences of brain damage developed in context of location vs holistic view of brain

Answer 37

phrenology correctly found language spot-challenge about if correct

Answer 38

Broca's area originally favored holistic view colleague (Auburtin) favored localization Aphasic patient named Leborgne (said "Tan" only) see if lesion in frontal lobe near eyeball. Patient could understand but couldn't talk. lesion was where Gall predicted Symptoms of Broca's Aphasia: know dysarthria: difficulty to producing sounds with mouth anomia: inability to name objects or find right word agrammatism: not good with grammar

Answer 39

discovered second region in left hemisphere but aphasia for comprehending language

Answer 40

don't know have problem-lose concept Broca and Wernicke Conduction aphasia: disruption of track extending from Wernicke's and Broca's. Can't repeat exactly

Answer 41

Norman Geschwind 1900s brought back Wernicke's theory and rearticulated it model of language: takes 2 different situations and describe two different brain areas first situation: say a word that has just been heard: auditory cortex, then Wernicke's area, transmits to Broca to say it, then sent to motor cortex to produce movement in speaking. 4 areas all in left hemisphere second situation: word is visual, saying a word that is read. Start in visual cortex, then angular gyrus to convert visual into auditory representation, then Wernicke, then Broca, then motor cortex

Answer 42

tell parts of the brain that are active structural: 3d rendored view, or 2d. anatomy simply structure functional: analyzes activity level of brain. Voxel (volume element, analogous to 2d pixel) take structural image and put functional voxels on it CT scanner

Answer 43

invented CT scanner

Answer 44

look up what this is PET was the first: Positron Emission Tomography participant injected with radioactive blood sugar or radioactive oxygen: to get activity. more active areas emit more positrons Decay generates positorns a type of antimatter, then 2 photons atom smasher that only stays radioactive for few minutes PET scanners no longer used bc of radioactivity, blurry images, and mental process needs to last a long time fMRI has replaced PET scans: fast and safe, good spatial resolution. subject placed in high powered magnet. Structural scans: Free protons line up with the magnetic field. pulse of radio waves make them wobble. As they line up again they give off energy (photon), that's the signal functional MRI: hemoglobin in blood distorts magnetic field. The distortion is different with and without oxygen attached. Brain tissue that is active receives all the oxygen plus a little bit extra. Makes it look different in MRI scan BOLD: Blood oxygen level dependent

Answer 45

founder of cognitive neuroscience study of neural basis of human info processing combines: 1. neuroimaging 2. neuropsycholog 3. Cog Electrophsyoplogy (EEG)

Answer 46

Combined cog psych with functional neuroimaging used Fransciscus Donders method: reaction time and estimating duration for mental process (simple, choice, go/nogo). inserted stage Posner saw where things lit up, subtracting pictures and seeing differences. Had different tasks: read noun silently, read noun out loud, read noun and say a verb that goes with it. Wernicke-Geschwind model not true for reading word. can comphrehend within visual cortex (for adults) when reading

Answer 47

BASIC STRUCTURES Wundt (but he didn't call that, he said voluntarism" tichtener coined Cornell University the center analogy of studying organs of body: anatomy=structuralism physiology=functionalism ``` structuralism= basic elements that make up our conscious experience functionalism= mental and behavioral processes by which an organism adapts to its environment. evolution ```

Answer 48

Structuralism-conscious mental phenom Functionalism: overt behavior and mental phenom Gestalt-Conscious mental phenom Psychoanalysis?-conscious and unconscious mental Behaviorism-overt behavior

Answer 49

founder of scientific psych first proposed physiological psych then Experiemental psychology Worked with Helmholtz, then moved to Leipzig U in 1876 1879 founding of psych Brass Instrument Era of psych First Lab: 1879 first grad program, textbook (1874), first journal (originally Philosophical Studies, later Psychological Studies) most articles in journal about sensation and perception Circumplex model of emotional competence (Valance and Arousal)

Answer 50

Associationism: said psych couldn't reach sophistication of physics

Answer 51

advocated science of psychology

Answer 52

Fechner: psychophysics Donders: Reaction Time Galton: Questionnaire Survey introspection Germany-new type of university

Answer 53

``` first: Academicy-Plato First University: University of Bologna First Research University: University of Berlin Humboldt First College in America: Harvard First Research in America: John Hopkins ``` University and College difference: University has higher degrees

Answer 54

1. Narrow view of Psych 2. Bad writer 3. Did not use evolution theory 4. Research was guided by a theory that was wrong (Associationism) 5. Overemphasis on introspection

Answer 55

1. Firsts 2. trained most of the first generation of German and American psychs 3. Published massive amount of research 4. Worked tirelessly to get scientific psych accepted as an academic discipline and succeeded

Answer 56

1800-1900s Leader of Structuralism in US endorsed Locke's atomistic theory all conscious experience can be broken down into sensations (at first thought sensations, images, and emotions). Yellow banana experiment

Answer 57

criticized subtraction theory and Titchener claimed that sometimes had mental experiences that were not composed of sensations or images (like searching, doubting, hestitating) illustrated that problem with methodology of introspection

Answer 58

FUNCTION-HOW Understand the mental and behavioral processes by which an organism adapts to its environment 1. Rejected Atomistic theory 2. Mental processes have functions. Evolve for reason, adaptation 3. Applied science as well as basic science-social education clinical criminal 4. Diverse methods should be used, all types of participants 5. Behavioral and mental processes- Overt behavior and conscious mental phenom 6. Differences are as important as generalities (practical reasons for tests and theoretical for evolution) 1890 or 1896 William James: Principles of Psychology John Dewey: paper criticizing reflexes University of Chicago-Dewey and Angell least well defined but very influential and never died

Answer 59

1. too narrow 2. failed to embrace practical problems 3. Didn't use evolution and animal research 4. War and economic problems

Answer 60

1. Phrenology and Mesmerism-public interest, practical benefits 2. Economic Expansionism-creating universities and jobs 3. University administrators wanted to hire people with practical new ideas

Answer 61

Functionalism

Answer 62

1. Overpopulation-number of offspring greatly exceeds food supply 2. Individual differences-genes mutate because of errors 3. natural and sexual selection: best genes are more likely t survive

Answer 63

late 1800s and early 1900s first person to receive doc degree in psych under William James Founded first lab in US 1880-John Hopkins founded first psych journal 1887 Founded APA-scientific society-talk about research findings

Answer 64

late 1800s early 1900s under Wundt and studied under Hall with Galton tried to measure intelligence using sensorimotor ability-didn't work study on reading-discovered word superiority effect-Tachistioscope-subject can read a letter more quickly and accurately when it is part of a word than when it is part of a random letter string or just presented in isolation Modern interpretation: in word condition, receives top-down and bottom-up info but in letter only condition, only bottom-up info

Answer 65

Top psych from survey neurotic one of first to reject atomistic theory-did not believe that consciousness can be analyzed in terms of basic elements-analysing consciousness changes it "stream of consciousness" -continuous not discrete- consciousness is selective-countless stimuli and we focus on a few. *survival relevant* stimuli catch our attention consciousness must have a function, cope with novel situations where instinct and habit are not enough habits- automaticity: once a sequence of automatic behaviors is initiated we carry them out to completion without making a choice at each stage distinction beween conscious behavior and habit anticipated the contemporary distinction between automatic and controlled processes james-lange theory of emotion involved in parapsych-hurt image

Answer 66

James 1. simply the movements needed to achieve a goal 2. increase the accuracy of behavior 3. reduce fatigue 4. reduce need to pay attention to habit and allow you to do something at the same time James' advice about habits 1. place yourself in situations that encourage good habits and discourage bad ones 2. Do not allow yourself to act contrary to new habit you are attempting to develop 3. don't attempt to slowly develop a good habit or get rid of bad. make it abrupt 4. it is not the intention that matters, it is actual doing so (making connections in nervous system from stimulus to response) 5. force yourself to act in ways that are beneficial, even if you don't like it and requires lots of effort

Answer 67

Perceive then triggers visceral and skeletomotor response (Reflex) then emotion by perceiving what is happening in body. example: sad because you are crying Common sense view: first perceive, then have emotion, then visceral (internal organs and stress hormones) and skeletomotor response 1890 not endorsed anymore. Explains a small aspect of emotion. Visceral reaction does contribute to strength. Emotions are faster than body response

Answer 68

1920 criticized James-Lange theory fight or flight response 1. if visceral is always the same then how do we have different emotions 2. people with spinal cord injury still have emotions responses to Cannon 1970s 1. responses not exactly the same in different situations, facial expressions differ 2. the face and head are not damaged, they still express emotions. also report that they do feel less emotion

Answer 69

1960s emotions 2 factor theory: Arousal (fight or flight) + Appraisal (Cognitive) = Emotion experiment: injected with adrenalin or placebo. some told about adrenalin and others said it was vitamin. half were with a stooge making jokes and other half with a stooge who was angry subjects who were told adrenaline was vitamin experienced the same emotions like stooge

Answer 70

descended from James-Lange emotion Antionio Damasio developed Visceral emotion (gut reaction) ->summarizes all of the mental thoughts and feelings. use it to make rapid and important decisions

Answer 71

1900s center for study of parapsych ESP: extrasensory perception exists didn't specify null model one of best subjects was cheating Uri Gellar-psychic vs Great Randi (proved Gellar wrong, offered 1,000,000 for someone to do trick that he couldn't do, no one could do)