Test 2 Flashcards
Radical skepticism vs common sense
After British Empiricism, argument over doubting everything or believing in common beliefs of the self and innate ideas
Radical Skepticism
Doubting, self and existence
Descartes
Berkeley
Hume
Descartes
1600s Automatons-robots explain universe mechanically Skeptic Some ideas are innate Mind-body: Dualist, interactionism Doubted, everything except, I think therefore I am Cartesian Dualism-hydraulic system, pineal gland
Berkeley
1700s
Skeptic
metaphysics theory-nothing exists until perceived
Not sure if reality existed, virtual reality
Thought experiment to test if perception is learned-blind child, fix as adult, somewhat supported his theory
Mindy-body-only spirit
Nurture: even perception has to be learned-baby reaching. associates movement with toy Tested by Thorndike with chicks on chairs, proven wrong. Eleanor Gibson also proved wrong, baby room-> Visual cliff
Hume
1700s
Skeptic
Correlation doesn’t exist, only see events consistently associated in time and space
Critique of self: nothing stable, just continuous stream of consciousness. no self, just experiencer
Common sense
originated by Reid 1700s
Everyone convinced that we exist then we do
Reid
1700s
started common sense school of thought
if most people believe we exist then we do
We don’t learn how to perceive, just perceive whole object
Kant
late 1700s
Common sense camp and nature camp
Some truths known with certainty (time, 3D, cause and effect, quant and qual)
Mind adds organization to sensory info
Nature vs Nurture
Psych Controversy: innate genes or environment and learning
nativism vs empiricism
Hereditianism vs environmentalism
Galton started phrase
Empiricism
belief that everything is derived from sense-experience. Locke, Berkeley, Hume
Plato
favored nature
born with knowledge, corrupted by sense, must use reason
Locke
brought back Democritu’s theory about atoms,
Atomic theory, bind together
Mental atoms
Against Descartes’ idea of innate ideas
Nurture: Tabula Rosa. knowledge comes from sensory
but mental abilities are innate
Gottfried von Leibniz
1600s
All nature
For Mind-body: Pre-established harmony, psycho-physical parallelism. both exist but no influence.
Discovered unconscious
Nothing from sensory
Prepotent learning-sensory experiences releases what was innate
Francis Galton
1800s
Heredity of intelligence?
Tested, genius heredity but needs zeal and vigor and nurtured in proper environment
Proposal to parliament about selective breeding
first psych questionnaire
Alphonese de Condolle
1800s
Critized Galton’s hereditary study
studied famous scientists
Galton’s proposals about intelligence and marriage
- encourage high intelligence marriages and provide incentive
- encourage to marry early for max kids
- Provide food and housing and education to nurture
Modern Consensus on nature vs nurture. 6 things
All mental and behavioral are both
- phylogenetic level (Sperry and vertebrate)
- Reflexes mostly genetic, voluntary behavior mostly learned
- Sensitive periods of development (Konrad Lorenz)
- Prepotent learning: concepts waiting to be activated by experience
- Gene expression are active throughout life
- Robot a better model than a slate
Mind-body problem
Another Psych controversy. Most important mind=nonphysical, thoughts, feelings body=physical Solutions: Dualists Spirit Only Matter Only
Dualism types
Interactionism
Pre-established harmony/Psycho-physical parallelism
Occasionalism
Dual Aspect
Interactionism: Dualism
Both spiritual and physical exist
matter and energy particles, god, devil, soul, angels
Descartes hydraulics theory
Pre-established harmony, psycho-physical parallelism-Dualism
Gottfried Wilhelm von Leibniz
Mind and body both exist but don’t influence one another
Leibniz discovered unconscious
Occasionalism: Dualist
Nicolas de Melbranche 1600s
requires miracles for mind and body to interact
each time is god
Nicolas de Melbranche
1600s
Occasionalism-dualism
requires miracles for mind and body to interact
each time is god
Epiphenomenalism
Huxley 1870s
non-causal byproduct
behavior not caused by conscious experience?
Dual Aspect
Aristotle, mind and body 2 inseparable aspects of unified person
wax seal
Idealism
Monastic Solution to mind-body, spirit only
Berkeley’s metaphysics
Hindus and Buddhists
Materialism
Monastic solution to mind-body
only matter exists, brain and central nervous system make the mind
Democritus, Epicurus, Lucretius, and Hobbes
Julien de La Mettrie
advocate of Materialism
fever causing
materialism not depressing bc makes life short and meaningful
AI
if could build a machine that could think then idea that brain tissues can think, perceive, and feel would be more plausible
Turing 1900s Turing Test
Chinese room rebuttal to Turing: John Searle
Associationism
Mind made of sensations which are organized by associations
Hartley founded, tried to make school of psych
Came from british empiricism
Atoms=sensations
bonds=associations
molecules=ideas
Wundt
founder of scientific psych
methods: sensory neuropsych and psychophysics
theories: associationism
David Hartley
1700s
developed associationism from British Empiricism
expanded on newton’s vibrations, if sensation repeated, it causes permanent (but weak) vibration in mind. exposure to one idea reminds self of ohers
Newton
1600s legend explain universe mechanically light and wavelength Sensations are vibration of atoms in our sensory nerves that transmitted to brain
Utiliarianism
founded by Jeremy Bentham late 1700s
based on Hedonism
(with associationism, not sure why)
Aristotle’s Laws
Contiguity: experienced together are associated
Similarity
Contrasts
Frequency
new law: Vividness: pleasure of pain by James Mill 1800s
son John Mill: an idea can have different properties than the sensations
Aristotle
Dual aspect theory of mind-body
laws of association
geocentric
James and John Mill
1800s
father and son
Law of vividness
analogy with chemistry: water different than gas properties; idea can be different than sensations it is made of
Johann Friedrich Herbart
1800s
felt Lock’s theory was passive, sensations just happen to us
believed similar or compatible ideas attract or repel one another
Clump together in clusters, big in conscious and little in unconscious
Limen=threshold between conscious and unconscious
Pavlov
late 1800s
with associationism
1. objective way to assess associationism
2. invasive methods could be used to identify underlying brain mechanisms
Eric Kandel
1900s
sea slug
identified chemical basis for changes in learning conditioning
first time memory located and physical basis explained
Semantic priming
cog psych experiment, primed for target word
Differences between Nature Philosophers and modern scientists
a. active observation
b. use both inductive and deductive
c. use of mathematics
d. targeted and at practical applications
Geocentric Theory
Earth center of universe Aristotle Claudius Ptolemaeus 100 CE museum of Alexandria Egypt theory lasted 15 centuries epicycles explained planetary orbits
Heliocentric theory
sun is the center
Aristarchus 200 BCE
Nicolaus Copernicus 1500
we are moving
Nicolaus Copernicus
1500 heliocentric
didn’t account for empirical evidence, went against bible, went against common sense
Law of Parsimony
Ockham’s razor 1300
if theory has unnecessary assumptions, those assumptions should be gone (shaved)
Galileo Galilei
1500-1600
Hypothetico-Deductive Model: 6 steps, make theory, use deductive logic to make testable prediction, if wrong then reject theory
saw moons orbiting planets
studied gravity, weight didn’t matter
Johannes Kepler
1600
improved heliocentric
planetary orbits not perfect circles
Copernicus’s better than Ptolemy
Francis Bacon
Inductive reasoning
no math or theories
Only steps 1-3 of Galileo’s model
identify a prob, observe, use inductive logic
Hypothetico-Deductive Model
Galileo
1. Identify a problem
- Make lots of observations
- Use inductive logic to draw generalizations.
- Tie the generalizations together into a theory, preferably, a mathematical one.
- Use deductive logic to generate a testable prediction for an experiment.
- If the prediction is wrong, modify or reject the theory.
Newton’s advice to scientists- 5 things
- Do not invoke God’s will as an explanation.
- There are no exceptions to the laws of nature.
- Aristotle’s final causes must be rejected.
- Ockham’s razor is to be accepted.
- Sometimes laws must be stated as probabilities.
Alcmaeon
400s bc
rejected supernatural
first published dissection
mind in brain bc optic nerve connects there
Hippocrates
400s bc
disease->imbalance of humors
mind in brain
mind in brain
Alcmaeon
Hippocrates
Galen: boxing physician
mind in heart
aristotle
Herophilus
300s bc father of anatomy first dissection of human cadevers distinguished: nerves from vessels Cerebral hemispheres from cerebellum
Parts of the eye
Erasistratus
200s
under Hero...
Size of cerebellum = speed of running
Complex convolutions = intelligence
(Gyrus = bump, sulcus = groove)Galen
100 ce
infallible for 13 centuries
dissected animals
sports physician -> brain and behavior
Nemesius
400s AD
Ventricular localization theory
Ventricular Localization Theory
Nemesius Anterior Ventricle = Sensation Middle Ventricle = Cognition/Intellect Posterior Ventricle = Memory Serial processing of sensory information
Ibn Sina
1000 ce experiments faculty psych->phrenology corrected Galen's mistakes love sickness and polygraph
da Vinci
1400-1500s
Human dissections
Andreas Vesalius
1500s
helped launch scientific revolution
first anatomy book with figures and tables
performed dissections
Thomas Willis
1600s
rejected localization
Santiago Ramon y Cajal
later 1800-1900
Golgi stain
neuron theory
nervous system not continuous
Korbinian Brodmann
1800-1900
connected to Mr. Alzheimer
divided cortex into regions and numbered them
Age of Enlightenment
Reacting against Descarte’s innate ideas
led to assoicationism
Thomas Hobbes
Founder of Brit Empiricism nothing exists except matter Descartes wrong, no soul free will an illusion imagery, memory, and dreams
