Test 4

Question 1

Prions

Answer 1

Misfolded protein, causes degeneration

Question 2

Sporadic

Answer 2

Rare, not genetic

Question 3

Capases

Answer 3

Killer enzyme, helps with apoptosis

Question 4

Lewy bodies

Answer 4

Abnormal circular structures with dense core, found in cytoplasm of nigrostriatal neurons in PD patients

Question 5

A-synuclein

Answer 5

Involved in synaptic plasticity, cause of neural degeneration in PD

Question 6

Toxic gain of function

Answer 6

Dominant mutation involved in faulty gene that produces protein with toxic effects

Question 7

Parkin

Answer 7

Mutated, causes familial PD

Question 8

Loss of function

Answer 8

Genetic disorder caused by recessive gene that fails to produce protein necessary for good health

Question 9

Proteasomes

Answer 9

Destroys faulty proteins

Question 10

Ubiquitin

Answer 10

Protein that attaches itself to faulty proteins and targets them for destruction by proteasomes

Question 11

Internal division of the globes pallid is (GPi)

Answer 11

Provides inhibitory input to motor cortex through thalamus, can be lesions to treat PD

Question 12

Deep brain stimulation (DBS)

Answer 12

Implanting electrodes into basal ganglia

Question 13

Fatal contagious brain disease

Answer 13

Mad cow

Question 14

Dementia

Answer 14

Deterioration of intellectual abilities resulting from an organic brain disorder

Question 15

Alzheimer’s disease

Answer 15

Degenerative brain disorder of unknown origin, causes progressive memory loss, motor deficits, and eventual death

Question 16

Amyloid plaques

Answer 16

Extra cellular deposits that consist of a dense core of beta-amyloid, surrounded by degenerating axons/dendrites and activated microglia/astrocytes

Question 17

Beta amyloid

Answer 17

Protein found in excessive amounts in brains of Alzheimer’s patients

Question 18

Neurofibrillary tangles

Answer 18

Dying neurons containing accumulations of misfolded tau protein

Question 19

Tau protein

Answer 19

Normally component of micro tubules

Question 20

Beta-amyloid precursor protein (APP)

Answer 20

Precursor for beta-amyloid protein

Question 21

Secretases

Answer 21

Enzymes that cut beta-amyloid precursor into smaller pieces

Question 22

Presenilin

Answer 22

Protein that causes beta- amyloid precursor to be converted into short form

Question 23

ApoE

Answer 23

Glycoprotein that transports cholesterol in the blood and plays role in cellular repair

Question 24

Schizophrenia

Answer 24

Disordered thoughts, delusions, hallucinations, other bizarre behaviors

Question 25

Positive symptoms

Answer 25

Evident by presence. Delusions, hallucinations, thought disorders

Question 26

Thought disorder

Answer 26

Disorganized, irrational thinking

Question 27

Delusions

Answer 27

Beliefs obviously contrary to fact

Question 28

Hallucinations

Answer 28

Perceptions of stimuli that are not actually present

Question 29

Negative symptoms

Answer 29

Absence. Flattened emotional response, poverty of speech, lack of initiative/persistence, social withdrawal

Question 30

Cognitive symptoms

Answer 30

Deficits in learning/memory, poor abstract thinking, poor problem solving

Question 31

Epidemiology

Answer 31

Study of distribution/ causes of diseases in populations

Question 32

Seasonality effect

Answer 32

Increased incidence of schizophrenia in people born in late winter/early spring

Question 33

Hypofrontality

Answer 33

Decreased activity of prefrontal cortex, responsible for negative symptoms of schizophrenia

Question 34

Partial agonist

Answer 34

Drug that has very high affinity for receptor, but activates it less than a regular Logan's. Agonist for low concentration, antagonist for high concentration

Question 35

Disordered feelings

Answer 35

Major affective disorders

Question 36

Bipolar disorder

Answer 36

Cyclical periods of mania/depression

Question 37

Major depressive disorder (MDD)

Answer 37

Unremitting depression with no mania

Question 38

Tricyclic antidepressants

Answer 38

Inhibit reuptake of NE and 5HT, affects other NTs too

Question 39

Specific serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRI)

Answer 39

Inhibits reuptake of 5HT, doesn't affect any other NTs

Question 40

Serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRI)

Answer 40

Inhibits reuptake of NE and 5HT, doesn't affect any other NTs

Question 41

Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)

Answer 41

Alleviates severe depression, electrical shock that causes seizure

Question 42

Subgenual anterior cingulate cortex (subgenual ACC)

Answer 42

DBS, plays role in depression symptoms

Question 43

Lithium

Answer 43

Treats bipolar disorder

Question 44

Monoamine hypothesis

Answer 44

Depression is caused by insufficient activity of monoaminergic neurons

Question 45

Tryptophan depletion procedure

Answer 45

Decreases 5HT synthesis

Question 46

Seasonal affective disorder (SAD)

Answer 46

Depression during winter

Question 47

Phototherapy

Answer 47

Treats SAD, exposes people to bright light for several hours a day

Question 48

Negative reinforcement

Answer 48

Removal of aversive stimulus

Question 49

Tolerance

Answer 49

Decreased sensitivity to a drug that comes from continued use

Question 50

Withdrawal symptom

Answer 50

Opposite effects of drugs