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Biological Basis Of Behavior > Test 3 > Flashcards

Test 3 Flashcards

0
Q

Lesion studies

A

Brain is damaged, animal is studied

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1
Q

Experimental ablation

A

Destroy part of brain and evaluate animal behavior

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2
Q

Excitotoxic lesions

A

Intracerebral injection of excitatory amino acid

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3
Q

Sham lesions

A

Placebo lesion

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4
Q

Stereotaxic surgery

A

How to insert electrode

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5
Q

Bregma

A

Junction between coronal and sagittal sutures after gap has closed

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6
Q

Stereotaxic atlas

A

Collection of drawings of sections in the brain

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7
Q

Stereotaxic apparatus

A

Device that helps scientists insert electrode into specific part of brain

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8
Q

Fixative

A

Prepare/preserve body tissue

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9
Q

Formalin

A

Most commonly used fixative

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10
Q

Microtome

A

Slices very thin body tissue

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11
Q

Scanning electron microscope

A

Provides 3d info about objects, doesn’t microscope as well as regular

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12
Q

Anterograde labeling method

A

Traces efferent axons

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13
Q

PHA-L

A

Anterograde tracer

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14
Q

Immunocytochemical methods

A

Indicates presence of chains of peptides with radioactive substances

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15
Q

Retrograde modeling method

A

Labels cell bodies that give rise to terminal buttons that form synapses with cells

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16
Q

Fluorogold

A

Retrograde tracer

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17
Q

Transneural tracing methods

A

Identifies series of neurons that form serial synaptic connections with each other

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18
Q

Computerized tomography (CT)

A

Produces 2d slice through body

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19
Q

Magnetic resource imaging (MRI)

A

Images interior of body

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20
Q

Diffusion tensor imaging (DTI)

A

Shows bundles of axons

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21
Q

Micro electrode

A

Records activity of individual neurons

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22
Q

Single unit recording

A

Records micro electrode

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23
Q

Macro electrode

A

Records activity of large numbers of neurons

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24
Electroencephalogram (EEG)
Electrical brain potential
25
Magnetoencephalography
Magnetic field to detect groups of synchronized neurons
26
2-deoxyglucose (2-DG)
Sugar that enters cell but is not metabolized
27
Auto radiography
Locates radioactive substances in tissue
28
FOS
Protein produced in the nucleus of a neuron in response to synaptic stimulation
29
Functional imaging
Computerized method of detecting metabolic or chemical changes within the brain
30
Positron emission tomography (PET)
Reveals location of radioactive tracer in living brain
31
FMRI
Permits measurement of regional metabolism in the brain
32
Optogenetic methods
Stimulate/inhibit particular types of neurons
33
Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS)
Stimulation of brain, interferes with region being stimulated
34
Micro dialysis
Analyze chemicals in interstitial fluid
35
Genome
DNA
36
Allele
Different versions of genes
37
Targeted mutations
Mutated genes created in a lab and inserts into chromosomes
38
Antisense oligonucleotides
Modified strand of DNA/RNA that binds with specific molecules of messenger RNA
39
Sensory receptor
Specialized neuron that detects particular category of physical events
40
Sensory transduction
Sensory stimuli transduced into slow grades receptor potentials
41
Receptor potential
Slow grades electrical potential in response to physical stimulus. Strength affects firing rate
42
Electromagnetic spectrum
Detect presence of light
43
Orbits
Hold eyes
44
Sclera
White part of eye
45
Conjunctiva
Lines eyelid and folds back to attach to eye
46
Cornea
Transparent done window to eye, focuses light
47
Endothelium cells
Keep eyes moist
48
Iris
Colored part of eye
49
Sphincter
Dilates eye
50
Pupil
Determines amount of light entering eye
51
Lens
Focuses 20%, accomadation
52
Constricts
More powerful
53
Retina
Very back of eye
54
Rod
Sensitive to love intensity light
55
Cone
Color vision
56
Photoreceptors
Transduces photic energy into electrical potentials
57
Fovea
Mediates most acute visions of birds and higher mammals
58
Optic disk
Blind spot, where all neurons exit retina
59
Bipolar cells
Middle later of retina, conveys info from photoreceptors to ganglion cells
60
Ganglion cells
Receives messages from bipolar
61
Horizontal cells
Connects photoreceptors to bipolar cells
62
Amacrine cells
Connects bipolar cells to ganglion cells
63
Lamella
Holds photoreceptors
64
Photo pigment
Opsin+retinal, responsible for transduction of visual information
65
Receptive field
Presentation of visual stimuli will affect firing rate
66
Optic chiasm
Cross shaped connection between optic nerves, located below base of brain
67
Dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN)
Part of thalamus that receives info from retina and projects to primary visual cortex
68
Parvocellular
Upper 4 layers, info about color, texture, and pattern
69
Magnocellular
Lower 2 layers, motion sensitive
70
Striate cortex
Primary visual cortex
71
On cells
Light falls in center
72
Off cells
Light falls outside of center
73
Trichromatic theory of color vision
Brain interprets how much light is signaling each cone
74
Opponent processing coding
Color is determined by 2 different variable channels
75
Electromyogram (EMG)
Electrical potential recorded from electrode place on/in muscle
76
Electro-oculogram (EOG)
Electrical potential from eyes, detects eye movement
77
Alpha activity
Regular, medium-frequency waves. Resting quietly, most prevalent when eyes are closed
78
Beta activity
Irregular, low-amplitude waves, state of arousal
79
Theta activity
Stage 1 sleep, transition between sleep and wakefulness
80
Delta activity
Regular electrical activity, deepest stages of slow-wave sleep
81
Slow-wave sleep
Non-REM sleep, slow waves
82
Down state
Inhibition during slow-wave sleep. Neurons are silent/resting
83
Up state
Period of excitation, neurons fire at a high rate
84
REM sleep
Dreaming, rapid eye movements, muscular paralysis
85
Fatal familial insomnia
Fatal inherited disease, progressive insomnia
86
Rebound phenomenon
Much-greater-than-normal % of recovery night in REM sleep
87
Adenosine
Primary role in initiation of sleep
88
Locus coerulus
Noradrenergic, involved in vigilance
89
Raphe nuclei
Serotonergic neurons, activation of automatic behaviors
90
Tubermamillary nucleus (TMN)
Histaminergic neurons, maintaining wakefulness
91
Ventrolateral preoptic area (viPOA)
Suppresses alertness and behavioral arousal and promotes sleep
92
Sublaterodorsal nucleus(SLD)
REM on
93
Ventilarolateral periaqueductal gray matter (viPAG)
REM off
94
Sleep apnea
Fall asleep, then cease to breathe
95
Sleep attack
Overwhelming urge to sleep
96
Cataplexy
Complete paralysis during waking
97
Sleep paralysis
Inability to move right before sleep or just after
98
Hypnagogic hallucinations
Dreams that occur right before falling asleep
99
Oregon
Sends awake signals
100
REM sleep behavior disorder
Person does not become paralyzed during REM sleep
101
Sleep-related eating disorder
Sleep eating
102
Circadian rhythms
Daily rhythmical change in behavior or physiological process
103
Zeitgeber
Resets biological clock, responsible for circadian rhythms
104
Suprachiasmatic nucleus
Biological clock
105
Advanced sleep phase syndrome
Four-hour advance in rhythms of sleep
106
Delayed sleep phase disorder
4-hour delay in rhythms of sleep
107
Pineal gland
Produces melatonin
108
Melatonin
Hormone of circadian rhythm

Biological Basis Of Behavior (3 decks)

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