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Biological Basis Of Behavior > Test 3 > Flashcards

Test 3 Flashcards

0
Q

Lesion studies

A

Brain is damaged, animal is studied

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1
Q

Experimental ablation

A

Destroy part of brain and evaluate animal behavior

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2
Q

Excitotoxic lesions

A

Intracerebral injection of excitatory amino acid

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3
Q

Sham lesions

A

Placebo lesion

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4
Q

Stereotaxic surgery

A

How to insert electrode

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5
Q

Bregma

A

Junction between coronal and sagittal sutures after gap has closed

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6
Q

Stereotaxic atlas

A

Collection of drawings of sections in the brain

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7
Q

Stereotaxic apparatus

A

Device that helps scientists insert electrode into specific part of brain

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8
Q

Fixative

A

Prepare/preserve body tissue

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9
Q

Formalin

A

Most commonly used fixative

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10
Q

Microtome

A

Slices very thin body tissue

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11
Q

Scanning electron microscope

A

Provides 3d info about objects, doesn’t microscope as well as regular

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12
Q

Anterograde labeling method

A

Traces efferent axons

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13
Q

PHA-L

A

Anterograde tracer

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14
Q

Immunocytochemical methods

A

Indicates presence of chains of peptides with radioactive substances

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15
Q

Retrograde modeling method

A

Labels cell bodies that give rise to terminal buttons that form synapses with cells

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16
Q

Fluorogold

A

Retrograde tracer

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17
Q

Transneural tracing methods

A

Identifies series of neurons that form serial synaptic connections with each other

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18
Q

Computerized tomography (CT)

A

Produces 2d slice through body

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19
Q

Magnetic resource imaging (MRI)

A

Images interior of body

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20
Q

Diffusion tensor imaging (DTI)

A

Shows bundles of axons

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21
Q

Micro electrode

A

Records activity of individual neurons

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22
Q

Single unit recording

A

Records micro electrode

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23
Q

Macro electrode

A

Records activity of large numbers of neurons

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24
Q

Electroencephalogram (EEG)

A

Electrical brain potential

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25
Q

Magnetoencephalography

A

Magnetic field to detect groups of synchronized neurons

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26
Q

2-deoxyglucose (2-DG)

A

Sugar that enters cell but is not metabolized

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27
Q

Auto radiography

A

Locates radioactive substances in tissue

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28
Q

FOS

A

Protein produced in the nucleus of a neuron in response to synaptic stimulation

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29
Q

Functional imaging

A

Computerized method of detecting metabolic or chemical changes within the brain

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30
Q

Positron emission tomography (PET)

A

Reveals location of radioactive tracer in living brain

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31
Q

FMRI

A

Permits measurement of regional metabolism in the brain

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32
Q

Optogenetic methods

A

Stimulate/inhibit particular types of neurons

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33
Q

Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS)

A

Stimulation of brain, interferes with region being stimulated

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34
Q

Micro dialysis

A

Analyze chemicals in interstitial fluid

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35
Q

Genome

A

DNA

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36
Q

Allele

A

Different versions of genes

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37
Q

Targeted mutations

A

Mutated genes created in a lab and inserts into chromosomes

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38
Q

Antisense oligonucleotides

A

Modified strand of DNA/RNA that binds with specific molecules of messenger RNA

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39
Q

Sensory receptor

A

Specialized neuron that detects particular category of physical events

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40
Q

Sensory transduction

A

Sensory stimuli transduced into slow grades receptor potentials

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41
Q

Receptor potential

A

Slow grades electrical potential in response to physical stimulus. Strength affects firing rate

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42
Q

Electromagnetic spectrum

A

Detect presence of light

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43
Q

Orbits

A

Hold eyes

44
Q

Sclera

A

White part of eye

45
Q

Conjunctiva

A

Lines eyelid and folds back to attach to eye

46
Q

Cornea

A

Transparent done window to eye, focuses light

47
Q

Endothelium cells

A

Keep eyes moist

48
Q

Iris

A

Colored part of eye

49
Q

Sphincter

A

Dilates eye

50
Q

Pupil

A

Determines amount of light entering eye

51
Q

Lens

A

Focuses 20%, accomadation

52
Q

Constricts

A

More powerful

53
Q

Retina

A

Very back of eye

54
Q

Rod

A

Sensitive to love intensity light

55
Q

Cone

A

Color vision

56
Q

Photoreceptors

A

Transduces photic energy into electrical potentials

57
Q

Fovea

A

Mediates most acute visions of birds and higher mammals

58
Q

Optic disk

A

Blind spot, where all neurons exit retina

59
Q

Bipolar cells

A

Middle later of retina, conveys info from photoreceptors to ganglion cells

60
Q

Ganglion cells

A

Receives messages from bipolar

61
Q

Horizontal cells

A

Connects photoreceptors to bipolar cells

62
Q

Amacrine cells

A

Connects bipolar cells to ganglion cells

63
Q

Lamella

A

Holds photoreceptors

64
Q

Photo pigment

A

Opsin+retinal, responsible for transduction of visual information

65
Q

Receptive field

A

Presentation of visual stimuli will affect firing rate

66
Q

Optic chiasm

A

Cross shaped connection between optic nerves, located below base of brain

67
Q

Dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN)

A

Part of thalamus that receives info from retina and projects to primary visual cortex

68
Q

Parvocellular

A

Upper 4 layers, info about color, texture, and pattern

69
Q

Magnocellular

A

Lower 2 layers, motion sensitive

70
Q

Striate cortex

A

Primary visual cortex

71
Q

On cells

A

Light falls in center

72
Q

Off cells

A

Light falls outside of center

73
Q

Trichromatic theory of color vision

A

Brain interprets how much light is signaling each cone

74
Q

Opponent processing coding

A

Color is determined by 2 different variable channels

75
Q

Electromyogram (EMG)

A

Electrical potential recorded from electrode place on/in muscle

76
Q

Electro-oculogram (EOG)

A

Electrical potential from eyes, detects eye movement

77
Q

Alpha activity

A

Regular, medium-frequency waves. Resting quietly, most prevalent when eyes are closed

78
Q

Beta activity

A

Irregular, low-amplitude waves, state of arousal

79
Q

Theta activity

A

Stage 1 sleep, transition between sleep and wakefulness

80
Q

Delta activity

A

Regular electrical activity, deepest stages of slow-wave sleep

81
Q

Slow-wave sleep

A

Non-REM sleep, slow waves

82
Q

Down state

A

Inhibition during slow-wave sleep. Neurons are silent/resting

83
Q

Up state

A

Period of excitation, neurons fire at a high rate

84
Q

REM sleep

A

Dreaming, rapid eye movements, muscular paralysis

85
Q

Fatal familial insomnia

A

Fatal inherited disease, progressive insomnia

86
Q

Rebound phenomenon

A

Much-greater-than-normal % of recovery night in REM sleep

87
Q

Adenosine

A

Primary role in initiation of sleep

88
Q

Locus coerulus

A

Noradrenergic, involved in vigilance

89
Q

Raphe nuclei

A

Serotonergic neurons, activation of automatic behaviors

90
Q

Tubermamillary nucleus (TMN)

A

Histaminergic neurons, maintaining wakefulness

91
Q

Ventrolateral preoptic area (viPOA)

A

Suppresses alertness and behavioral arousal and promotes sleep

92
Q

Sublaterodorsal nucleus(SLD)

A

REM on

93
Q

Ventilarolateral periaqueductal gray matter (viPAG)

A

REM off

94
Q

Sleep apnea

A

Fall asleep, then cease to breathe

95
Q

Sleep attack

A

Overwhelming urge to sleep

96
Q

Cataplexy

A

Complete paralysis during waking

97
Q

Sleep paralysis

A

Inability to move right before sleep or just after

98
Q

Hypnagogic hallucinations

A

Dreams that occur right before falling asleep

99
Q

Oregon

A

Sends awake signals

100
Q

REM sleep behavior disorder

A

Person does not become paralyzed during REM sleep

101
Q

Sleep-related eating disorder

A

Sleep eating

102
Q

Circadian rhythms

A

Daily rhythmical change in behavior or physiological process

103
Q

Zeitgeber

A

Resets biological clock, responsible for circadian rhythms

104
Q

Suprachiasmatic nucleus

A

Biological clock

105
Q

Advanced sleep phase syndrome

A

Four-hour advance in rhythms of sleep

106
Q

Delayed sleep phase disorder

A

4-hour delay in rhythms of sleep

107
Q

Pineal gland

A

Produces melatonin

108
Q

Melatonin

A

Hormone of circadian rhythm

Biological Basis Of Behavior (3 decks)

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