Test 4

Question 1

History of wheat

Answer 1

10-12,000 years ago

origin- SW Asia

Question 2

cultivated wheat species

Answer 2

common wheat- triticum aestivum
club wheat- " aestivum sub-species compactum
durum wheat- " durum
spelt wheat- " spelta
emmer wheat- " dicoccon
wild emmer wheat- " dcoccoides
poulard wheat- " turgidum
polish wheat- " polonicum
persian wheat- carthlicum
oriental wheat- " turanicum
einkorn wheat- " monococcum
timopheevi wheat- " timopheevii

Question 3

2 types of seedhead morphology

Answer 3

awnless (beardless)

awned (bearded)

Question 4

USDA classes of wheat

Answer 4

hard red winter wheat- main bread flour, most acreage in US
hard red spring wheat- bread flour, colder climates
soft red winter wheat- blends, biscuits, pancakes. SE & E US
duram wheat- pasta. creamy yellow flour. dakotas and canada
white or club wheat- fine pastries and blends. soft and hard. pacific NWo

Question 5

Botany

Answer 5

cool season annual
vernalization (cold treatment during seedling stage to trigger reproductive growth)
spike inflorescence
2-15 tillers depending on species, variety, plant density, N

Question 6

Feeke’s Growth Stages

1-8 vegetative

Answer 6

1: Germination and seedling: emergence through 3-leaf stage
2-4: Tillering: tillering begins, 4th leaf on first tiller
5: Tillering: tillering ends, plant starts upright growth
6: Jointing: first node visible at base of stem
7: Jointing: second node visible
8: Jointing: flag leaf visible, still rolled up. Spike beginning to swell

Question 7

Feeke’s Growth Stages

9-11.4 reproductive

Answer 7

9: boot: ligule of flag leaf just visible
10: boot: flag leaf sheath completely out. Spike swollen but not visible (full boot)
10. 1-10.5: heading: first spikes just visible to all spikes out of sheath (full heading)
10. 5.1: heading: beginning of flowering
10. 5.4: heading: flowering over: kernel watery ripe
11. 1-11.3: ripening: grain progresses from milk to soft dough to hard dough
11. 4: ripening: ripe for cutting. straw dead

Question 8

Establishment

Answer 8

seeded Oct
grain drill
1.5-2 bu/acre
prepared seedbed conventional or no-till
26 seeds/sq ft = 1.13 million seeds per acre

Question 9

planting

Answer 9

Rates: 65-105 lbs/acre seed depending on %germination, seed size, broadcast or drilled, grazing benefits desired
Dates: mid-Sept. - early Nov.
Depth: 3/4 - 1 1/2
Row spacing: 4-8 in
Methods: drill, broadcast, aerial seeding into cotton or soybean when leaves are about 50% yellowed in Sept.

Question 10

Planting

Answer 10

Rates: 65-105 lbs/acre seed depending on %germination, seed size, broadcast or drilled, grazing benefits desired
Dates: mid-Sept. - early Nov.
Depth: 3/4 - 1 1/2
Row spacing: 4-8 in
Methods: drill, broadcast, aerial seeding into cotton or soybean when leaves are about 50% yellowed in Sept.

Question 11

Variety selection

Answer 11

look at regional variety trials
plant 2 or more with differing resistances to common diseases in the region and maturity
shop around
consider Hessian fly resistance if problem in region
consider test weights, lodging resistance, yield, winter kill, disease reactions
good agronomic practices

Question 12

Fertility

Answer 12

P,K applied in fall pre-plant ASTR
N applied at Feeke's 3-5
Rates 60-135 all at once or split
S potential on sandy leachablee soils with low OM
Lime: pH limit 5.7
chicken litter: 2-4 tons/acre in fall

Question 13

Main types of diseases

Answer 13

rusts (stripe, stem, leaf)
blotches (leaf, glume)
mildews (powdery, downy)
virus (barley yellow dwarf, wheat streak mosiac)
others (take all)

Question 14

Rusts control:

Answer 14

leaf and stripe most destructive in mid-south
symptoms show up April
some varietal resistance available
protection of flag leaf critical

Question 15

Disease management strategies

Answer 15

select several different varieties esp with resistance to leaf and stripe rust
keep fields from ponding
don’t over fertilize N
scout (proper ID of any disease essential)
watch weather forecasts
proper and timely application of fungicides

Question 16

fungicide application

Answer 16

needed when disease threatens flag leaf and favorable weather sets in (stripe rust likes wet weather and temp 50-65)
best time to apply is flag leaf (F8)
fungicide for leaf and stripe rust: combine propiconazole or tebuconazole + strobilurins
timing critical- don’t wait past F9p

Question 17

insects

Answer 17

aphids
armyworms
cutworms
grasshoppers
Hessian fly
scout in critical growth and season of outbreak
timely use of approved insecticide

Question 18

Hessian fly

Answer 18

Major pest
maggot kills wheat seedling in fall
select high yielding varieties with some resistance to fly
destroy volunteer wheat in summer and fall
rotate crops
light tillage of wheat stubble
plant after 'fly free' date (oct 16)
dont over fertilize N

Question 19

Main weeds

Answer 19

winter broadleaf
annual ryegrass
wild garlic
know your weeds
control early
be aware of herbicide resistances

Question 20

weed control options

Answer 20

Pre-emergence: Hoelon
Early post: sencor, axion, beyond
Post-emergence (as needed): axial, 2-4D LVE + dicambia, express, osprey, powerflex, finesse, harmony

Question 21

Annual ryegrass control

Answer 21

becoming major problem
start with clean field
multiple herbicide applications of diff modes of action needed
consider delayed planting after tilling and using tillage and or burndown herbicides to kill first flush that emerges
use fall applied herbicides and action or it will be too late
Axiom + prowl, Axiom + zidua, anthem flex
resistant to Hoelon(95%) ALS herbicides(50-60%)
non-resistant: axial xl (tank mix harmony), powerflex, osprey

Question 22

drainage

Answer 22

smoothing equipment alternative to precison (land planes, floating equipment, small scrapers and blades)
drain furrows: install at slight angle to field slope but not perpendicular
continuous positive grade along furrow
avoid berm remaining on upslope side
end furrow at unrestricted outlet point
install outlet structure (pipe) if needed
maintain existing outlet structures
maintain drainage ditches
precision grading best if feasible

Question 23

hybrid wheat

Answer 23

male-sterile (female, seed plant) X male fertile
fertility restoration gene techniques similar to grain sorghum
can increase yields 20%
taller stalks, lodging prone

Question 24

rye

Answer 24

bread flour, beverages
more northern
dark flour
grown similar to wheat, fall or spring
grazing. hay. silage
second most common bread flour
winter hardy, tolerates infertile soil
seedhead susceptible to ergot fungus so not suited for humid south
early maturing, good straw crop
est mostly for grazing mid-south

Question 25

oats

Answer 25

forage, grain, straw crop, medicinal
south and mid-south:fall mid-west and canada: spring
uses: oatmeal, cereal, flour, raw oats, livestock feed, beer, bread, skin rashes, digestion, UTI, ground cover, green manure, grazing, silage, stall bedding
loose smut- seed disease
some wheat herbicides can’t be used (Hoelon)

Question 26

barley

Answer 26

northern climates
2 main groups: 2-row, 6-row(more common)
main use: MALT
other uses: grain, feed, flour, hay, grazing, cover crop
4th most important grain crop in US
spring sown
susceptible to similar wheat diseases
ergot sometimes, some resistant varieties available

Question 27

barley malt

Answer 27

steeped
seeds dried
embryos removed
seed milled
made into products such as beer

Question 28

triticale

Answer 28

fertile inter specific cross between wheat and rye
similar to wheat in use, culture, and yield
outperforms wheat in region such as W Canada
slower growing in spring than wheat- 1 week later harvest
used more as forage in mid-west and south

Question 29

millets

Answer 29

warm season annual grasses
C4 plants
uses: human food, feed grain, soil conservation, hay, grazing, silage, wildlife food, bright pigmented in landscape
proso- bird seed, forage, wildlife planting. well adapted mid-west and northern prarie
foxtail- hay, grazing, wildlife planting (dove, turkey, quail) mid-south
Japanese- (Japanese barnyardgrass) wet soils. wildlife, grazing, hay
pearl- hay and grazing in south. fast growing, high yield, good quality make great temp summer pasture
browntop- grazing and wildlife (quail, turkey) summer cover crop to protect and enhance OM