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Cereal Crops > Test 1 > Flashcards

Test 1 Flashcards

1
Q

cereal

A

relating to grain or the plants that produce it

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2
Q

cereal grains

A

the grain of cereal crops (the seeds)

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3
Q

small grains

A

small seeded cereal crops such as wheat, oat, barley, triticale and rye

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4
Q

food grains

A

cereals utilized for human consumption such as rice, wheat, rye, and some millets

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5
Q

feed grains

A

cereals utilized for animal consumption such as corn and grain sorghum

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6
Q

forage

A

grasses and other plants that are eaten by animals

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7
Q

cereals compromise how much of the total human diet

A

50-80%

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8
Q

cereals are high in

A 
carbs
fiber
iron
calcium
b vitamins
50% of our dietary protein
essential amino acids like lysine
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9
Q

cereals are low in

A

vitamins A and C

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10
Q

world production of cereals in order of 1-6

A 
corn
wheat
rice
barley
grain sorghum
oats
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11
Q

over 50% produced in the US

A

corn

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12
Q

95% produced in Asia

A

rice

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13
Q

earliest cultivation of cereal crops

A

10,000-12,000 years ago

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14
Q

origin of wheat

A

SW Asia and Iraq (12,000 yrs ago)

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15
Q

origin of rye

A

SW Asia and Turkey (10,000 yrs ago)

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16
Q

origin of barley

A

Middle East (10,000 yrs ago)

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17
Q

origin of oats

A

Eurasia (3,000 yrs ago)

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18
Q

origin of rice

A

Asia (5,000 yrs ago)

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19
Q

origin of sorghum

A

Africa (5,000 yrs ago)

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20
Q

origin of corn

A

Mexico (9,000 yrs ago)

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21
Q

origin of millets

A

Africa, Asia, India (5,000 yrs ago)

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22
Q

common trait of cereal crops

A 
Graminaceae family
cool season, warm
determinate growth
monocot
intercalary meristems (joints or nodes)
seminal or secondary root systems (crown)
3 distinct growth stages
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23
Q

growth stages of cereal crop

A

emergence
jointing (internode elongation)
heading/grain fill

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24
Q

3 basic inflorescences

A

panicle
spike
raceme

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25
Q

importance of cereals to civilization

A

adapted to most regions
easy to grow
nutritious (holds quality in many years storage)
helps sustain life during drought/war/etc
can be used as a commodity for trading

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26
Q

C3 photosynthesis

A

all cool season cereals and rice

wheat, oat, rye, barley, triticale

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27
Q

C4 photosynthesis

A 
all warm season cereals except rice
(corn, grain sorghum, millets)
more efficient dry matter accumulators bc lower rates of carbon loss due to photorespiration
more photosynthetically efficient 
better biofuel
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28
Q

vernalization

A

chilling period required by cool season cereals after tillering to induce internode elongation (jointing) and flowering
no need for with warm season. growth related to heat units

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29
Q

nitro-negative

A

all cool season cereals

high levels of soil N may delay flowering

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30
Q

nitro-positive

A

all warm season cereals

high levels of soil N may enhance earlier flowering

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31
Q

long-day

A

all cool season cereals

more extreme latitudes where day length shifts from spring to fall are more extreme

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32
Q

short-day

A

all warm season cereals

originated closer to the equator

33
Q

day-neutral cereals

A

do not flower in response to daylight changes

34
Q

determinates

A

plants that grow vegetative then enter into reproductive growth
(all cereals)

35
Q

sigmoid growth curve

A

classic growth pattern of plants featuring a rapid linear phase corresponding to internode elongation in grasses

36
Q

tillering

A

new plants that sprout from base of seedlings during distinct tillering phase of growth.
related to species, variety, soil fertility, plant density
plants produce more tillers if plant density low

37
Q

drought evador

A

cereals that delay flowering if under drought stress

grain sorghum only one that does this significantly

38
Q

test weight

A

measure of grain density
weight of a bushel of grain adjusted for a set moisture percentage
measured with a Winchester bushel

39
Q

standard grain bushel for corn

A

56 lbs at 15.5% moisture

40
Q

standard grain bushel for wheat

A

60 lbs at 13.5% moisture

41
Q

standard grain bushel for grain sorghum

A

56 lbs at 14% moisture

42
Q

factors influencing test weight

A 
genetics (species, variety)
sunlight and growing conditions during grain fill growth
soil, climate
soil moisture, fertility
plant stresses (insects, disease, etc)
grain shrinkage during drying
43
Q

calculating test weight

A

wt x (100-M)/(100-std M)

44
Q

why dry grain

A

prevent spoilage
improve grain quality and value
increase marketing window
combining at higher moisture reduces damage ie corn, rice

45
Q

cereal crops harvested and dried before storage

A 
wheat
oat
rye
barley
some cases corn
46
Q

3 methods of drying grain

A

in-storage layer
batch drying
continuous flow

47
Q

In-storage layer

A

grain dried in layers in place in storage bin. each layer partially dried before next layer added. entire depth of stored grain ultimately dried in place

48
Q

batch drying

A

grain dried in a dryer. dried then cooled (tempering) then removed to a separate storage bin

49
Q

continuous flow

A

grain flows continuously through the dryer coming in wet and leaving dry. wet usually enters in top and augered out dry at bottom of dryer bin

50
Q

2 types of batch drying

A

column batch - grain stands in vertical column 12-24in diameter. hot air forced through then removed

batch-in-bin - grain spread over perforated floor and dried in a shallow layer 2-4ft layer then cooled in place or moved to cooling bin

51
Q

factors affect type of drying method used

A

capacity
investment needed
dryer factors
farm factors

52
Q

dryer factors

A 
drying temp
air flow
fuel type/cost
labor needed
handling requirements
location
operating cost
maintenance
capacity feed
electricity
53
Q

farm factors

A 
market value of dried grain
acres planted
harvest volume
proximity to commercial facilities
location
other crops
labor and hauling resources
marketing management
54
Q

capacity

A

expected yields (bu) / expected days of harvest

55
Q

role of statistics in agriculture

A 
research hypothesis
design experiments
compare products/varieties
significance of factors on crop response
predict what if outcomes
56
Q

basic procedures for field studies

A 
form hypothesis
design experiment to test it
conduct experiment
evaluate results
repeat
evaluate results
publish conclusions
57
Q

4 R’s

A

randomize treatments
replicate treatments
record observations
repeat study

58
Q

typical procedures for investigative studies

A 
define problem
determine objectives
determine best methods
decide number of replications
determine model to use
identify type of data to collect
conduct research
analyze data
59
Q

traits of good field research

A

soil variability minimized
KISS principle used
absence of systematic errors
care when calibrating and using data instruments
enough data to explain any variance
stats used are appropriate and account for uncertainty
stimulate new questions to research in the future

60
Q

3 types of data distribution

A

binomial- only 2 outcomes
poisson- data of rare occurrence
normal- bell shape, continuous symmetrical response

61
Q

statistical model

A

mathematical representation of how measured data can conceivably be produced

62
Q

3 examples of statistical models

A

means model - simplest version of linear model of data
ANOVA (one way analysis of variance) - extended version of linear model
linear regression - rare studies where response of treatment may increase or decrease with treatment levels

63
Q

3 basic types of experiments

A

designed experiments
surveys
observational studies

64
Q

3 types of experimental designs

A

completely randomized
randomized complete block
split block in rcb

65
Q

future of cereal crops

A 
bio-fuel
drought resistance
GMO traits for herbicide, insect, and disease resistance
improved nutrition
improved water and nutrient efficiency
making c3 more like c4
66
Q

variability

A

characteristic of crop response that arises from treatment or random effects

67
Q

experimental unit

A

what treatments are applied to

68
Q

variable

A

something measured on the experimental unit

69
Q

covariable

A

data observation collected on exp unit that may influence treatments and outcomes

70
Q

factor

A

treatment variable studied

71
Q

level

A

variation of the factor studied (rate, timing)

72
Q

effect

A

the measured response

73
Q

data observation

A

measurements made to exp units and the study

74
Q

standard deviation

A

measure of the dispersion around the mean

75
Q

variance

A

square of the standard deviation

76
Q

standard error

A

standard deviation of the population of treatment means

77
Q

probability level

A

chance treatment differences are random not due to treatment

78
Q

coefficient of determination (R2)

A

measure of variability of data to the statistical model used (often used in repeated measures)

79
Q

degrees of freedom (df)

A

freedom of the variability in a data set typically 1 less than the number of observations or treatments (n-1)

Cereal Crops (4 decks)

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