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Cereal Crops > Test 1 > Flashcards

Test 1 Flashcards

1
Q

cereal

A

relating to grain or the plants that produce it

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2
Q

cereal grains

A

the grain of cereal crops (the seeds)

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3
Q

small grains

A

small seeded cereal crops such as wheat, oat, barley, triticale and rye

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4
Q

food grains

A

cereals utilized for human consumption such as rice, wheat, rye, and some millets

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5
Q

feed grains

A

cereals utilized for animal consumption such as corn and grain sorghum

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6
Q

forage

A

grasses and other plants that are eaten by animals

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7
Q

cereals compromise how much of the total human diet

A

50-80%

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8
Q

cereals are high in

A 
carbs
fiber
iron
calcium
b vitamins
50% of our dietary protein
essential amino acids like lysine
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9
Q

cereals are low in

A

vitamins A and C

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10
Q

world production of cereals in order of 1-6

A 
corn
wheat
rice
barley
grain sorghum
oats
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11
Q

over 50% produced in the US

A

corn

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12
Q

95% produced in Asia

A

rice

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13
Q

earliest cultivation of cereal crops

A

10,000-12,000 years ago

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14
Q

origin of wheat

A

SW Asia and Iraq (12,000 yrs ago)

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15
Q

origin of rye

A

SW Asia and Turkey (10,000 yrs ago)

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16
Q

origin of barley

A

Middle East (10,000 yrs ago)

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17
Q

origin of oats

A

Eurasia (3,000 yrs ago)

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18
Q

origin of rice

A

Asia (5,000 yrs ago)

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19
Q

origin of sorghum

A

Africa (5,000 yrs ago)

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20
Q

origin of corn

A

Mexico (9,000 yrs ago)

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21
Q

origin of millets

A

Africa, Asia, India (5,000 yrs ago)

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22
Q

common trait of cereal crops

A 
Graminaceae family
cool season, warm
determinate growth
monocot
intercalary meristems (joints or nodes)
seminal or secondary root systems (crown)
3 distinct growth stages
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23
Q

growth stages of cereal crop

A

emergence
jointing (internode elongation)
heading/grain fill

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24
Q

3 basic inflorescences

A

panicle
spike
raceme

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25
importance of cereals to civilization
adapted to most regions easy to grow nutritious (holds quality in many years storage) helps sustain life during drought/war/etc can be used as a commodity for trading
26
C3 photosynthesis
all cool season cereals and rice | wheat, oat, rye, barley, triticale
27
C4 photosynthesis
``` all warm season cereals except rice (corn, grain sorghum, millets) more efficient dry matter accumulators bc lower rates of carbon loss due to photorespiration more photosynthetically efficient better biofuel ```
28
vernalization
chilling period required by cool season cereals after tillering to induce internode elongation (jointing) and flowering no need for with warm season. growth related to heat units
29
nitro-negative
all cool season cereals | high levels of soil N may delay flowering
30
nitro-positive
all warm season cereals | high levels of soil N may enhance earlier flowering
31
long-day
all cool season cereals | more extreme latitudes where day length shifts from spring to fall are more extreme
32
short-day
all warm season cereals | originated closer to the equator
33
day-neutral cereals
do not flower in response to daylight changes
34
determinates
plants that grow vegetative then enter into reproductive growth (all cereals)
35
sigmoid growth curve
classic growth pattern of plants featuring a rapid linear phase corresponding to internode elongation in grasses
36
tillering
new plants that sprout from base of seedlings during distinct tillering phase of growth. related to species, variety, soil fertility, plant density plants produce more tillers if plant density low
37
drought evador
cereals that delay flowering if under drought stress | grain sorghum only one that does this significantly
38
test weight
measure of grain density weight of a bushel of grain adjusted for a set moisture percentage measured with a Winchester bushel
39
standard grain bushel for corn
56 lbs at 15.5% moisture
40
standard grain bushel for wheat
60 lbs at 13.5% moisture
41
standard grain bushel for grain sorghum
56 lbs at 14% moisture
42
factors influencing test weight
``` genetics (species, variety) sunlight and growing conditions during grain fill growth soil, climate soil moisture, fertility plant stresses (insects, disease, etc) grain shrinkage during drying ```
43
calculating test weight
wt x (100-M)/(100-std M)
44
why dry grain
prevent spoilage improve grain quality and value increase marketing window combining at higher moisture reduces damage ie corn, rice
45
cereal crops harvested and dried before storage
``` wheat oat rye barley some cases corn ```
46
3 methods of drying grain
in-storage layer batch drying continuous flow
47
In-storage layer
grain dried in layers in place in storage bin. each layer partially dried before next layer added. entire depth of stored grain ultimately dried in place
48
batch drying
grain dried in a dryer. dried then cooled (tempering) then removed to a separate storage bin
49
continuous flow
grain flows continuously through the dryer coming in wet and leaving dry. wet usually enters in top and augered out dry at bottom of dryer bin
50
2 types of batch drying
column batch - grain stands in vertical column 12-24in diameter. hot air forced through then removed batch-in-bin - grain spread over perforated floor and dried in a shallow layer 2-4ft layer then cooled in place or moved to cooling bin
51
factors affect type of drying method used
capacity investment needed dryer factors farm factors
52
dryer factors
``` drying temp air flow fuel type/cost labor needed handling requirements location operating cost maintenance capacity feed electricity ```
53
farm factors
``` market value of dried grain acres planted harvest volume proximity to commercial facilities location other crops labor and hauling resources marketing management ```
54
capacity
expected yields (bu) / expected days of harvest
55
role of statistics in agriculture
``` research hypothesis design experiments compare products/varieties significance of factors on crop response predict what if outcomes ```
56
basic procedures for field studies
``` form hypothesis design experiment to test it conduct experiment evaluate results repeat evaluate results publish conclusions ```
57
4 R's
randomize treatments replicate treatments record observations repeat study
58
typical procedures for investigative studies
``` define problem determine objectives determine best methods decide number of replications determine model to use identify type of data to collect conduct research analyze data ```
59
traits of good field research
soil variability minimized KISS principle used absence of systematic errors care when calibrating and using data instruments enough data to explain any variance stats used are appropriate and account for uncertainty stimulate new questions to research in the future
60
3 types of data distribution
binomial- only 2 outcomes poisson- data of rare occurrence normal- bell shape, continuous symmetrical response
61
statistical model
mathematical representation of how measured data can conceivably be produced
62
3 examples of statistical models
means model - simplest version of linear model of data ANOVA (one way analysis of variance) - extended version of linear model linear regression - rare studies where response of treatment may increase or decrease with treatment levels
63
3 basic types of experiments
designed experiments surveys observational studies
64
3 types of experimental designs
completely randomized randomized complete block split block in rcb
65
future of cereal crops
``` bio-fuel drought resistance GMO traits for herbicide, insect, and disease resistance improved nutrition improved water and nutrient efficiency making c3 more like c4 ```
66
variability
characteristic of crop response that arises from treatment or random effects
67
experimental unit
what treatments are applied to
68
variable
something measured on the experimental unit
69
covariable
data observation collected on exp unit that may influence treatments and outcomes
70
factor
treatment variable studied
71
level
variation of the factor studied (rate, timing)
72
effect
the measured response
73
data observation
measurements made to exp units and the study
74
standard deviation
measure of the dispersion around the mean
75
variance
square of the standard deviation
76
standard error
standard deviation of the population of treatment means
77
probability level
chance treatment differences are random not due to treatment
78
coefficient of determination (R2)
measure of variability of data to the statistical model used (often used in repeated measures)
79
degrees of freedom (df)
freedom of the variability in a data set typically 1 less than the number of observations or treatments (n-1)

Cereal Crops (4 decks)

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