Test 3

Question 1

Rice

Answer 1

oryza sativa
#1 food cereal
nutritious
sacred grain in many regions
valuable commodity

Question 2

Rice history

Answer 2

5500 years ago China
India, Iran, Iraq, Egypt, Japan 500 B.C.
U.S. coastal regions S.Carolina-Texas 1685
SW Louisiana 1880s
Arkansas 1907
92% rice grown and consumed in Asia

Question 3

Rice botany

Answer 3

warm season annual
C3
aerenchyma vessels
shallow root system
4-6 months growing season
50 F min growing temp
8-35 in water consumption per month
growth prediction DD50 model

Question 4

How does rice grow in water

Answer 4

through aerenchyma vessels

Question 5

DD50 model

Answer 5

predicts days to certain growth stages based on:
variety
date emerged
location
used to help in management
reminds growers to fertilize, pesticide, scout for disease and insects, drain and expect harvest

Question 6

Rice crop growth stages

Answer 6

leaf 5, Flood
panicle initiation
grain fill

Question 7

Types of rice (ecosystem)

Answer 7

upland
lowland
deepwater

Question 8

Types of rice (genotype)

Answer 8

oryza sativa var. indica: long grain grown in AR and SE
oryza sativa var. japonica: short/med grain grown in Asia and CA, preferred in Asian markets
red rice (#1 rice weed)

Question 9

Rough rice kernel types

Answer 9

long
medium
short

Question 10

Rice milling

Answer 10

milling involves husk removal and separation
4 main products:
whole seed
broken seed
hulls/husks
bran, oil, flour etc

Question 11

Types of milled rice products

Answer 11

rough rice
brown rice
polished rice
rice bran
rice hulls
rice brokens
rice flour
par boiled rice

Question 12

Rice milling yields

Answer 12

economic value of the crop
% whole grain and whole grain + broken grain
55/65
(% whole grains/% whole grains + brokens)
% brokens = 65-55 = 10
% hulls= 100-65 = 35

Question 13

Planting rice

Answer 13

dry seeding with drill
dry seeding by broadcast or air
water seeding with pre-germinated seed
by hand transplant
ideal stand = 20 plants/sq ft
sow about 40 seeds/sq ft
flush fields to aid in germination

Question 14

best time to plant rice in AR

Answer 14

optimum range:
south apr 1-may 20
central apr 10-may 15
north apr 15-may 10
recommended absolute:
south mar 25-jun 20
central apr 1-jun 15
north apr 1-june 10

Question 15

Why so important to obtain quick uniform stand

Answer 15

• promotes high milling yields (#1)
• better weed control, fungicide efficiency, harvest efficiency
• reduce flood days

Question 16

Fungicides seed treatment

Answer 16

early planting
clays
no-till
ex: vitavax, manzate, thiram, dithane

Question 17

Gibberellic acid PGR seed treatment

Answer 17

semi-dwarf varieties
clays
early planting
ex: pro-gibb, release

Question 18

Riceseed program

Answer 18

developed by U of A
software calculates optimum seeding rate given variety, soil, seeding method, and date
positively correlated with yield in normal year

Question 19

water seeding rice

Answer 19

prepare smooth field, roll with ridged roller
pull levees, apply herbicide
flood, pre-germinate seed
apply by air
old way of controlling red rice
customary method of rice est. in S.LA
aquatic weeds and rice water weevils may be more of a problem

Question 20

rice variety selection

Answer 20

market driven

mostly long grain unless contract for another arranged

Question 21

4 classes of rice variety

Answer 21

long grain
medium grain
aromatic
specialty market

Question 22

4 genetics of rice variety

Answer 22

conventional (Wells)
hybrid (XL)
clearfield (CL) (naturally resistant to Newpath herbicide)
CL XL (hybrid that is also a CL variety)

Question 23

3 maturities of rice variety

Answer 23

very early season
early
mid-season

Question 24

choosing rice variety

Answer 24

field history: disease, watering difficulty, past yields
red rice? other weeds?
soil: texture, grade, roads, wells
irrigation capacity and reliability
yields, disease resistance, maturity, planting dates, cost, markets

Question 25

hybrid rice production

Answer 25

``` first in 1966 available to farmers in China in 1976 Yuan Longping father of hybrid rice shows significant heterosis effects utilizes photo-sensitive genetic male-sterile lines ```

Question 26

Rice N fertilization

Answer 26

rates vary with variety, soil, previous crop 75-150 lbs/acre need 150 lbs, usually applied pre-flood (120lbs), 1/2 in internode (30lbs), again 7-10 days later depending on variety some N may be applied early for weak stands urea main source (less denitrification losses) urea with urease enzyme inhibitors can increase efficiency and lower rates

Question 27

U of A 'N Star' program

Answer 27

program developed from joint research U of A, MSU, LSU, Texas A&M site specific soil samples 12-18 in depth using drill and bucket with hole in the bottom measures residual nitrates can reduce N rates by almost half with no yield losses better suited for silt loam soils with pans

Question 28

Fertilization

Answer 28

P, K applied pre-plant according to soil test Zn needed on silt loam soils with low Zn and high pH rates: 1 lb/acre for Zn chelates 2 lb/acre for Zn organic complexes 10 lb/acre for inorganic Zn

Question 29

Precision-leveled fields

Answer 29

fix fertility problems in cut areas with 40lbs P/acre + atleast 1000lbs/acre fresh or composted poultry litter

Question 30

Rice water management

Answer 30

levees surveyed in 0.2 ft increments zero grade fields flood at about 5-6 leaf maintain a 2-4 in flood until grain fills be able to drain and flood in a timely manner water sources include surface and groundwater

Question 31

Typical seasonal water needs

Answer 31

silt loam-with pan: 61cm water silt loam-no pan: 76cm water clay: 91cm water fine sandy loam: 122cm water

Question 32

Rice harvesting

Answer 32

ideal moisture 19-22% for better milling yields grain dried to 12% care during harvest needed

Question 33

5 main categories of rice weeds

Answer 33

``` red rice annual grasses broadleaf aquatic levee weeds ```

Question 34

early season weeds

Answer 34

barnyard grass bearded sprangletop amazon sprangletop broadleaf signalgrass

Question 35

mid-season weeds

Answer 35

``` red rice duck salad hemp sebania spreading dayflower northern jointvetch eclipta ```

Question 36

popular weed control programs

Answer 36

pre-emergence residual: command + newpath command + league/sharpen delayed emergence: prowl, bolero, bolero+facet, bolero+prowl post emergence selected for whatever escapes

Question 37

weed control game plan

Answer 37

1. know your weeds 2. overlay residuals (2 applications: pre and early post) 3. mix herbicide modes of action 4. use CL variety for bad red rice problem 5. hit them early! salvage treatments are already less than optimal yield potentials

Question 38

advanced rice production insects

Answer 38

``` major: rice water weevil rice stink bug minor: grape colaspis rice stalk borer aphids, armyworms, grasshoppers, chinch bugs ```

Question 39

rice water weevils

Answer 39

damage caused by larval root pruning adults lay eggs on leaf sheaths at onset of permanent flood scout/control prior to flood scout fields for leaf feeding scars on youngest leaves inspect 40 plants at several stops across field treat when threshold reached generally close to 1 scar per seedling control from 1) seed treatments (nipsit) 2) insecticides on adults (mustangmax, karate) 3) avoid late planting and premature flooding

Question 40

rice stink bug

Answer 40

scout fields with sweep nets at heading numbers can increase dramatically in one week thresholds are 10 bugs per 10 sweeps from 2 wks after PI if needed wait until about 50% heading before applying insecticides karate, mustang max keep weeds around fields mowed down new technology: odor meters

Question 41

diseases

Answer 41

sheath blight blast control: resistant varieties, scouting, timely use of approved fungicides when needed

Question 42

sheath blight

Answer 42

``` rhizoctonia solani common disease in rice, soybeans, cotton control by: 1. optimum stand and N fertilization 2. variety selections 3. scouting 4. fungicides when needed ```

Question 43

blast

Answer 43

``` pyricularia oryzae infects from tillering to heading spores can move long distances control by: 1. resistant varieties 2. avoid late planting 3. optimum stand and N 4. maintain 2-4 in flood 5. scout, fungicides if needed ```

Question 44

straighthead

Answer 44

actually a physiological disorder more of a problem in silt loam soils, if present will remain problem symptoms are dark green plants, blanks, distorted seeds controlled by: 1. resistant varieties 2. draining field after flood, drying

Question 45

stem rot

Answer 45

problem in lighter textured fields and fields with K deficiency potential for 70% yield losses control with good soil fertility program

Question 46

ratoon rice

Answer 46

second crop of rice from regrowth of main harvest need to apply about 50lbs N from urea cut main crop low may be possible in AR if early planting of very early maturing variety, if harvest by mid-Aug, favorable weather and prices expected yields ranging from 30-50 bu/acre may need to apply broadleaf herbicides may find new diseases common in more southern rice growing regions

Question 47

economic of production

Answer 47

``` about $750-850 per acre to produce main input prices: 1. irrigation 2. fertilizer 3. weed control 4. harvesting, drying, storage ```