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Cereal Crops > Test 3 > Flashcards

Test 3 Flashcards

1
Q

Rice

A 
oryza sativa
#1 food cereal
nutritious
sacred grain in many regions
valuable commodity
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2
Q

Rice history

A 
5500 years ago China
India, Iran, Iraq, Egypt, Japan 500 B.C.
U.S. coastal regions S.Carolina-Texas 1685
SW Louisiana 1880s
Arkansas 1907
92% rice grown and consumed in Asia
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3
Q

Rice botany

A 
warm season annual
C3
aerenchyma vessels
shallow root system
4-6 months growing season
50 F min growing temp
8-35 in water consumption per month
growth prediction DD50 model
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4
Q

How does rice grow in water

A

through aerenchyma vessels

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5
Q

DD50 model

A

predicts days to certain growth stages based on:
variety
date emerged
location
used to help in management
reminds growers to fertilize, pesticide, scout for disease and insects, drain and expect harvest

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6
Q

Rice crop growth stages

A

leaf 5, Flood
panicle initiation
grain fill

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7
Q

Types of rice (ecosystem)

A

upland
lowland
deepwater

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8
Q

Types of rice (genotype)

A 
oryza sativa var. indica: long grain grown in AR and SE
oryza sativa var. japonica: short/med grain grown in Asia and CA, preferred in Asian markets
red rice (#1 rice weed)
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9
Q

Rough rice kernel types

A

long
medium
short

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10
Q

Rice milling

A 
milling involves husk removal and separation
4 main products:
whole seed
broken seed
hulls/husks
bran, oil, flour etc
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11
Q

Types of milled rice products

A 
rough rice
brown rice
polished rice
rice bran
rice hulls
rice brokens
rice flour
par boiled rice
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12
Q

Rice milling yields

A

economic value of the crop
% whole grain and whole grain + broken grain
55/65
(% whole grains/% whole grains + brokens)
% brokens = 65-55 = 10
% hulls= 100-65 = 35

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13
Q

Planting rice

A 
dry seeding with drill
dry seeding by broadcast or air
water seeding with pre-germinated seed
by hand transplant
ideal stand = 20 plants/sq ft
sow about 40 seeds/sq ft
flush fields to aid in germination
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14
Q

best time to plant rice in AR

A 
optimum range:
south apr 1-may 20
central apr 10-may 15
north apr 15-may 10
recommended absolute:
south mar 25-jun 20
central apr 1-jun 15
north apr 1-june 10
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15
Q

Why so important to obtain quick uniform stand

A
  • promotes high milling yields (#1)
  • better weed control, fungicide efficiency, harvest efficiency
  • reduce flood days
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16
Q

Fungicides seed treatment

A

early planting
clays
no-till
ex: vitavax, manzate, thiram, dithane

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17
Q

Gibberellic acid PGR seed treatment

A

semi-dwarf varieties
clays
early planting
ex: pro-gibb, release

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18
Q

Riceseed program

A

developed by U of A
software calculates optimum seeding rate given variety, soil, seeding method, and date
positively correlated with yield in normal year

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19
Q

water seeding rice

A

prepare smooth field, roll with ridged roller
pull levees, apply herbicide
flood, pre-germinate seed
apply by air
old way of controlling red rice
customary method of rice est. in S.LA
aquatic weeds and rice water weevils may be more of a problem

20
Q

rice variety selection

A

market driven

mostly long grain unless contract for another arranged

21
Q

4 classes of rice variety

A

long grain
medium grain
aromatic
specialty market

22
Q

4 genetics of rice variety

A

conventional (Wells)
hybrid (XL)
clearfield (CL) (naturally resistant to Newpath herbicide)
CL XL (hybrid that is also a CL variety)

23
Q

3 maturities of rice variety

A

very early season
early
mid-season

24
Q

choosing rice variety

A

field history: disease, watering difficulty, past yields
red rice? other weeds?
soil: texture, grade, roads, wells
irrigation capacity and reliability
yields, disease resistance, maturity, planting dates, cost, markets

25
Q

hybrid rice production

A 
first in 1966
available to farmers in China in 1976
Yuan Longping father of hybrid rice
shows significant heterosis effects
utilizes photo-sensitive genetic male-sterile lines
26
Q

Rice N fertilization

A

rates vary with variety, soil, previous crop
75-150 lbs/acre
need 150 lbs, usually applied pre-flood (120lbs), 1/2 in internode (30lbs), again 7-10 days later depending on variety
some N may be applied early for weak stands
urea main source (less denitrification losses)
urea with urease enzyme inhibitors can increase efficiency and lower rates

27
Q

U of A ‘N Star’ program

A

program developed from joint research U of A, MSU, LSU, Texas A&M
site specific
soil samples 12-18 in depth using drill and bucket with hole in the bottom
measures residual nitrates
can reduce N rates by almost half with no yield losses
better suited for silt loam soils with pans

28
Q

Fertilization

A

P, K applied pre-plant according to soil test
Zn needed on silt loam soils with low Zn and high pH
rates:
1 lb/acre for Zn chelates
2 lb/acre for Zn organic complexes
10 lb/acre for inorganic Zn

29
Q

Precision-leveled fields

A

fix fertility problems in cut areas with 40lbs P/acre + atleast 1000lbs/acre fresh or composted poultry litter

30
Q

Rice water management

A

levees surveyed in 0.2 ft increments
zero grade fields
flood at about 5-6 leaf
maintain a 2-4 in flood until grain fills
be able to drain and flood in a timely manner
water sources include surface and groundwater

31
Q

Typical seasonal water needs

A

silt loam-with pan: 61cm water
silt loam-no pan: 76cm water
clay: 91cm water
fine sandy loam: 122cm water

32
Q

Rice harvesting

A

ideal moisture 19-22% for better milling yields
grain dried to 12%
care during harvest needed

33
Q

5 main categories of rice weeds

A 
red rice
annual grasses
broadleaf
aquatic
levee weeds
34
Q

early season weeds

A

barnyard grass
bearded sprangletop
amazon sprangletop
broadleaf signalgrass

35
Q

mid-season weeds

A 
red rice
duck salad
hemp sebania
spreading dayflower
northern jointvetch
eclipta
36
Q

popular weed control programs

A

pre-emergence residual: command + newpath
command + league/sharpen
delayed emergence: prowl, bolero, bolero+facet, bolero+prowl
post emergence selected for whatever escapes

37
Q

weed control game plan

A
  1. know your weeds
  2. overlay residuals (2 applications: pre and early post)
  3. mix herbicide modes of action
  4. use CL variety for bad red rice problem
  5. hit them early! salvage treatments are already less than optimal yield potentials
38
Q

advanced rice production insects

A 
major: rice water weevil
rice stink bug
minor: grape colaspis
rice stalk borer
aphids, armyworms, grasshoppers, chinch bugs
39
Q

rice water weevils

A

damage caused by larval root pruning
adults lay eggs on leaf sheaths at onset of permanent flood
scout/control prior to flood
scout fields for leaf feeding scars on youngest leaves
inspect 40 plants at several stops across field
treat when threshold reached generally close to 1 scar per seedling
control from 1) seed treatments (nipsit) 2) insecticides on adults (mustangmax, karate) 3) avoid late planting and premature flooding

40
Q

rice stink bug

A

scout fields with sweep nets at heading
numbers can increase dramatically in one week
thresholds are 10 bugs per 10 sweeps from 2 wks after PI
if needed wait until about 50% heading before applying insecticides
karate, mustang max
keep weeds around fields mowed down
new technology: odor meters

41
Q

diseases

A

sheath blight
blast
control: resistant varieties, scouting, timely use of approved fungicides when needed

42
Q

sheath blight

A 
rhizoctonia solani
common disease in rice, soybeans, cotton
control by: 
1. optimum stand and N fertilization 
2. variety selections 
3. scouting 
4. fungicides when needed
43
Q

blast

A 
pyricularia oryzae
infects from tillering to heading
spores can move long distances
control by:
1. resistant varieties
2. avoid late planting
3. optimum stand and N
4. maintain 2-4 in flood
5. scout, fungicides if needed
44
Q

straighthead

A

actually a physiological disorder
more of a problem in silt loam soils, if present will remain problem
symptoms are dark green plants, blanks, distorted seeds
controlled by:
1. resistant varieties
2. draining field after flood, drying

45
Q

stem rot

A

problem in lighter textured fields and fields with K deficiency
potential for 70% yield losses
control with good soil fertility program

46
Q

ratoon rice

A

second crop of rice from regrowth of main harvest
need to apply about 50lbs N from urea
cut main crop low
may be possible in AR if early planting of very early maturing variety, if harvest by mid-Aug, favorable weather and prices
expected yields ranging from 30-50 bu/acre
may need to apply broadleaf herbicides
may find new diseases
common in more southern rice growing regions

47
Q

economic of production

A 
about $750-850 per acre to produce
main input prices:
1. irrigation
2. fertilizer
3. weed control
4. harvesting, drying, storage

Cereal Crops (4 decks)

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