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Psychology 101 > Test 4 > Flashcards

Test 4 Flashcards

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0
Q

Conformity

A

Changing ones own behavior to more closely match the actions of others

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1
Q

Social influence

A

Process through which the real or implied presence of others can directly or indirectly influence the thoughts, feelings, and behavior of an individual.

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2
Q

Asch’s classical study

A

7 participants

The line experiment

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3
Q

Factors that effect conformity

A

Conformity when activity is hard
Degree of unity- it’s great
Group size- increasing group up to 4 members increases conformity no change after 7

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4
Q

Group think

A

A group decision- making process in which group members convince themselves that they are correct

They become more concerned about group cohesiveness then on assessing the facts of the problems

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5
Q

Characteristics of group think (8)

A
  • invulnerability
  • rationalization
  • lack of introspection (do not examine ethical implication, they believe they can’t make immoral)
  • stereotyping (ideas are weak and stupid)
  • pressure
  • lack of disagreement
  • self-deception (sharing an illusion)
  • insularity (prevent getting outside info)
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6
Q

Group polarization

A

Members involved in a group discussion tend to take somewhat more extreme positions and suggest riskier actions than individuals that have not participated in a group discussion

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7
Q

Social facilitation

A

The tendency of the presence if others to enhance performance on tasks.

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8
Q

Social loafing

A

People who are lazy tend not to do as well as others working on the same task, but work well by themselves

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9
Q

Social impairment

A

The tendency of the presence of others to decrease performance on tasks

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10
Q

Deindividuation

A

Lessing of ones senses of personal identity and personal responsibility.

Groups of people feel anonymous

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11
Q

Compliance

A

Changing ones behavior as a result of other people directing or asking for the change

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12
Q

Foot in the door

A

Ask for a small commitment, get compliance, then ask for a bigger commitment

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13
Q

Door in the face techniques

A

Ask for a large commitment, then ask for a smaller one after the large one is refused

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14
Q

Lowball techniques

A

Getting a commitment from a person and then raising the cost

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15
Q

Obedience

A

Changing one’s behavior at the command of an authority figure

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16
Q

Milgrims research

A 
Obedience to authority 
Shock
120 
150
300
330
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17
Q

Who administers shocks

A

65% of the teachers administers the top shocks

Researcher was present the effect was stronger
Confederate was present the effect was weaker

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18
Q

Original study has found that _____ of teachers will deliver shocks up to the point of being lethal

A

80

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19
Q

ABC model

A

Affective component

Behavior component

Cognitive

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20
Q

Affective component

A

The way a person feels towards an object/situation

I like country music, it’s fun and uplifting

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21
Q

Behavior

A

Action a person takes towards an object/ situation

I buy country music every chance I get. I’m going to a concert music concert soon

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22
Q

Cognitive

A

Thoughts

I think country music is better than any other kind of music I hear on the radio

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23
Q

Direct contact

A

Attitudes are formed though direct contact with the person idea situation it object.

A child who dislikes Brussels sprouts because he has direct contact

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24
Q

Direct instruction

A

Another way attitude are formed though instructions

Parent may tell their children that smoking is dangerous and unhealthy

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25
Q

Interaction with others

A

Attitudes are formed through people with that attitude

Friends have the idea that smoking is cool therefore you smoke

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26
Q

Vicarious conditioning

A

Observable

Watching the actions of others to person/idea
Child whose mother or fathers who likes classical music children grow up to like it

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27
Q

Central route processing

A

People attend to the content of the message

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28
Q

Peripheral route processing

A

Style of information processing that relies on peripheral cues

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29
Q

Cognitive dissonance

A

People find themselves doing things or saying things that don’t match thrift idea of themselves as smart, nice, or moral. They experience an emotional discomfort

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30
Q

Stereotype

A

A belief that a set of characteristics is shared by all members of a particular social category

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31
Q

Prejudice

A

An unjustifiable action towards members of a particular group

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32
Q

Implicit personality theory

A

Are a set of assumption that people have about how different types of people/personality/traits, and actions are all related and form in childhood.

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33
Q

Dispositional cause

A

Cause if behavior is from within the individual

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34
Q

Fundamental attribution error

A

Tendency for people observing someone else’s actions to overestimate the influence of that persons internal characteristics on behavior and underestimated thin fluency of the situation.

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35
Q

Actor observer bias

A

People tend to explain the actions of others based on what kind of person they are rather than looking for outside cause such as social influence and situation.

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36
Q

In groups and out groups

A

In group: is all the people with whom a particular person identified

Out group: are everyone else, usually going to become stereotypes according to some superficial characteristic.

Forms in childhood!

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37
Q

Social cognitive theory

A

Prejudice is seen as an attitude that is formed as other attitudes are formed, through direct instruction, modeling, and other social influence on learning

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38
Q

Realistic conflict theory

A

Increasing prejudice and discrimination are closely tie to an increasing degree of conflict between the in group and out group.

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39
Q

Social identity theory

A

1) social categorization: assign themselves to social categories to help determine behavior
2) identification (social identity)
3) social comparison: people compare themselves favorably to others to improve their own self esteem

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40
Q

Stereotype vulnerability

A

Refers to the effect that a person’s knowledge is based on the stereotype therefore it effects be behaviors

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41
Q

What is prejudice about?

A

Attitudes and behavior

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42
Q

Three component of love

A

Intimacy- the feeling of closeness that one has for another person. In this sense is not physical but psychological.
Passion- physical aspect of love, emotional and sexual arousal
Commitment- decisions one makes about a relationship. I think I’m in love

43
Q

Romantic love

A

Intimacy and passion

44
Q

Compassionate love

A

Intimacy and commitment

45
Q

Which component addresses the physical aspect?

A

Passion

46
Q

Three component of love are present…

A

Consummate

47
Q

Aggression

A

Behavior intended to hurt or destroy others

48
Q

Help or dont help (5)

A

1) noticing (loud crash/ cry for help)
2) defining an emergency (association w/accident)
3) taking responsibility (single bystander, helps)
4) planning a course of action (feel skills necessary)
5) taking action (costs of helping)

49
Q

Increase levels of aggression in those who drink alcohol… Decreases what neurotransmitter

A

Serotonin

50
Q

What influences altruistic behavior

A

Temporoparient junction

51
Q

Psychodynamic perspective

A

Unconscious mind in the development of personality.

Heavily focused on biologic cause of personality diff.

52
Q

ID

A

ID: completely unconscious, pleasure seeking, hunger, thirst, sex, etc.

PLEASURE PRINCIPLE

53
Q

Ego

A

“I” mostly consciousness

Reality principle: to satisfy the demands if the ID only when there will not be negative consequences.

54
Q

Superego

A

The moral center of personality.
Contains conscious
Moral anxiety

55
Q

Five stages of personify development

A

Freud

1) Oral: IDA gratified itself through biting, sucking- erogenous zone is mouth
2) Anal: gratification through retention and elimination- ego development
3) Phallic:Id focuses on genitals. Superego develops
4) Latency: dormant now, sexual feelings latent
5) Genital: “mature” feelings reawaken with targets.

56
Q

5 central trait

A

1- opened to experience (try new things)
2- consciencetious- people’s organization and thoughtfulness of others

3-extroversion (ones need to be with people)
4-agreeableness
5- neuroticism (degree of emotional stability)

57
Q

Trait situation interaction

A

Idea that the situation may govern if and how certain personality traits are expressed.

58
Q

Social categorization

A

When you meet a new person and you assign them to a category

Without conscious awareness
A natural process

59
Q

Fundamental attribution error

A

Tendency for people observing someone else’s actions to overestimate the influence of that person internal characteristics on behavior and underestimate the influence of the situation

60
Q

Actor observer bias

A

Tend to explain the actions of others based on what “kind” of a person they are. Rather than looking for an outside cause

Milgram. We think teachers are crazy

61
Q

Define deviance

A

Not typical

Could be good or bad.

62
Q

Subjective discomfort

A

Emotional distress while engaging in a particular behavior or thought process.

A woman suffering from a fear of going outside. Anxiety

63
Q

Maladaptive

A

Interferes with the ability to function normally
Cut to relieves anxiety. Feels initial relief but is harmed by the action.

Abnormality

64
Q

Define psychological disorders

A

Any pattern of behavior that causes people significant distress, causes then to harm others, harms their ability to function in daily life

DEVIANT

65
Q

Psychological disorder (5)

A

1- thinking/behavior is unusual
2-thinking/behavior goes against social norm
3-thinking/behavior function cause distress
4-thinking/behavior maladaptive
5-thinking/behavior causes person to be dangerous to self or others

66
Q

DSM

A

Psychological symptoms often co occur in predictable patterns - syndrome

Checklist of observable symptoms

67
Q

Acrophobia
Trypanophobia
Hemaphobia

A

Fear of heigh
Fear of injection
Fear of blood

68
Q

Psychodynamic

Abnormal behavior and thinking

A

Stems from repressed and urges that are fighting to be one conscious

69
Q

OCD

A

Reoccurrence of unwanted and intrusive obsessive or distressing images often accompanied by compulsive behavior to cope with such thoughts

70
Q

All or nothing thinking

A

Person believes that his or her performance must be perfect or nothing at all

71
Q

Over generalization

A

A single negative event interpreted as never ending defeat

72
Q

Minimization

A

Giving little or no emphasis to ones successes

73
Q

Bipolar disorder

A

Altering between depression and mania
Manic depression
Far less common than major depressive disorder

74
Q

Bipolar I

Bipolar II

A

I- full blown mania

II- milder agitation and anxiety (hypo mania)

75
Q

Depression vs mania

A 
Mania 
Elevated mods
Doesn't need sleep 
Always moving/talking 
Too many thoughts
Too much interest/pleasure

Depression
Opposite

76
Q

Cause of depression

A

Biological- associated with changes in neurotransmitter. Prevents the reuptake of serotonin
Leaves more serotonin in the synaptic cleft(good)

Selective
Serotonin
Reuptake
Inhibitors

77
Q

Psychological causes of depression

A

Pessimistic explanatory style
Internal. I External
(You). I Not control
—————-I————-
Universal. I I failed b/c I I failed b/c no test
(Always true) I I test poorly I My true ability
————— I—————I———-
Specific I I failed b/c I that test was poorly
(Just an event)I no study I designed.

78
Q

Phobic disorder

A

A person is afraid of something can’t even look at a picture of a snake

79
Q

What is associated with bipolar disorder

A

ADHD

80
Q

Schizophrenia split mind

A

Split from reality not personify

81
Q

Schizophrenia

Grandeur

A

They are powerful and have to save the world

82
Q

Schizophrenia

Positive and negative

A

POSITIVE. NEGATIVE
Delusion. Flat effect
Hallucination. Poverty of speech
speech disturbances Asociality
Thought disturbances Anhedonia
Avolition
Poor attention
Learning and memory deficits
“Should be there”. “Missing something”

83
Q

Neologism

Word salad

A

Make up of words that flow

Confused unintelligible mixture of random words

84
Q

Flat effect
Avolition
A hedonic
Poor prognosis

A 
Flat effect- no emotions
Avolition- lack of motivation
Asociality- social withdrawl 
Anhedonia- loss of pleasure
Poor prognosis- trouble filtering out info end stimulation that they don't need
85
Q

To diagnosis you need

A

2 of the symptoms for at least a month

86
Q

What causes schizophrenia

A

1) DOPAMINE HYPOYHESIS
Not enough DA in the prefrontal cortex (negative sym
Not enough DA in nucleus Accumbens (positive sym)

2) STRESS VULNERABILITY MODEL
Vulnerability- genetics
Stressor leads to schizophrenia

87
Q

Anorexia

A

Person reduce earring to the point that their body weight is low

Less than 18.5 BMI
Take laxative
Excessive

88
Q

Bulimia

A

Cycle of binge eating

Then they purge

89
Q

Causes of eating disorder

A

Adolescent or young Adult
Increased sensitivity for food- binge eating and bulimia

Lear and anxiety- anerxia

GENETICS 40-60%

90
Q

Dissociative disorder

A

Dissociation in consciousness, memory, identity

With extreme stress and trauma

91
Q

Labotomy

A

Disconnects prefrontal cortex with the brain
Treatment for schizophrenia

Block dopamine receptor

92
Q

Therapy

A

All treatment aimed at making people feel better and function more effectively

93
Q

Psycho therapy

A

Goal is to help individuals understand themselves better

94
Q

Insight

A

Ones motives in term of thoughts, behavior and feelings

Based on Freud. Unconsciousness

95
Q

Action therapy

A

Is directed more at changing behavior than providing insights into the reasons for that behavior

96
Q

Biomedical therapy

A

Use drugs, surgical method, electric shock, noninvasive stimulation techniques.

97
Q

Humanistic therapy

A

Focus on conscious subjective experiences of emotions and the person sense of self

Focus on experiences of their daily lives

Non directed insight therapy- client does the talking, therapist listens

98
Q

Four elements for a good person therapy relationship

A

Authenticity- the genuine, open, and honest response of the theorist to the client

Unconditional positive regard- the warmth, respect and accepting atmosphere created by the therapist for the client in person centered therapy

Empathy- the ability of the therapist to understand
Reflection- restated what the client says, rather than interpreting those statements

99
Q

Gestalt therapy

A

Directive insight therapy in which th therapist helps the client accept part of their feeling and subjective experience

100
Q

Behavior therapy

A

Action therapy baed on the principles of classical and operant condition

The goal is to change disordered without concern for the original causes of the behavior

They believe learning created the problem and so learning can fix it

101
Q

Systematic desensitization

A

Therapist guides the client through series of steps meant to reduce fears.

Rabbit and the approach method

102
Q

Aversion therapy

A

Reduce undesirable behaviors by pairing it with an aversion stimulus.

Smoking a lot in one setting this creates dizziness

103
Q

Exposure therapy

A

Introduce the client to situations that are related to their anxieties or fears

Goal is to promote new learning about the fear response
Rapid flooding

104
Q

Token economy

A

Tokens can be traded for food candy treats. Token are revived for behaving correctly

Tokens can be removed for bad behavior

People with schizo and depressed

105
Q

Contingency contract

A

Formal agreement between therapist and client.

Both parties responsibilities and goals are clearly stated

Drug problems and eating disorder
Consistency

Psychology 101 (5 decks)

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