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4,9,11 Flashcards

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0
Q

Waking consciousness

A

Thoughts feelings sensations are clear and organized

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1
Q

Consciousness define

A

Is your awareness of everything tht is going around you. And inside your head! SENSATION THOUGHT FEELINGS

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2
Q

Altered states of consciousness

What types? (4)

A 
Shift in the quality of your mental activity. Feel less alert 
Multitasking 
1)daydreamin
2) hypnotized
3) achieving meditative state 
4)SLEEP
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3
Q

What can cause altered states? (Food/drink)

A

Caffeine tobacco alcohol

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4
Q

Biological rhythm define and examples

A

Natural cycles of the human body

Menstruation, heart beat,

Effect rise and fall of blood pressure
And body temperature
Sleep/wake cycle

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5
Q

Circadian rhythm

Another name

A

Sleep/wake cycle
About one day to complete
Controlled by the hypothalamus
Sleep a couple of hours in a day

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6
Q

Role of hypothalamus

Effect of melatonin benefits

A

Influences suprachiasmatic nucleus that’s in the hypothalamus

USED TO TREAT JET LAG
HELPS SHIFT-WORK people with jobs

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7
Q

Serotonin effect

A

Neurons are most active during wakefulness

Some are excitatory and inhibitory

Serotonin effects body temp when asleep

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8
Q

Microsleeps

A

Mice, treadmill, water hamster take microsleep

Sleeping for a couple of seconds!
CAUSES MANY CAR ACCIDENTS

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9
Q

SLEEP DEPRIVATION

A

Loss of sleep
Students and cramming

Droopy eyes
Trembling
Staring off in space
Can cause diabetes

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10
Q

Adaptive theory of sleep

A

Sleep = EVOLUTION
avoid being present when a predator is bear by thus sleeping
Predators sleep in the day (lions)

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11
Q

Restorative theory of sleep

A

Sleep is necessary for the physical health.

Cells, chemicals Replenish when we sleep, body growth
Brain plasticity is enhanced

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12
Q

REM sleep

A

Rapid eye movement

Most of the dreaming takes place.

Voluntary muscles are inhibited

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13
Q

Non REM

A

Lighter stages to a much more restful sleep.

Free to move around

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14
Q

Beta wave show what and what are they

A

Small and fast

Wide awake and mentally active

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15
Q

Alpha waves what are they

A

Larger and slower
Then turn into theta wave

Relaxes and feels drowsy I

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16
Q

Stages of sleep

A 
Beta
Alpha
N1
N2
N3 &4
Deep non REM
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17
Q

N1 stage is what

A

Light sleep
Theta wave increases and alpha fades
See HYPNOGOGIC IMAGES

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18
Q

HYPNOGOGIC images/ hallucination

A 
Hallucination 
Ghostly visits
Aliens 
Near death experience 
N1 light sleep
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19
Q

Hypnic jerk

A

Big jerk as you drift off to sleep
Body jerks when we fell in the evolutionary past
N1 sleep

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20
Q

N2

A

Sleep Spindles: brief bursts of activity lasting one sec

THEATA WAVES

Body temperature continues to drop
Heart rate is slowed breathing slow

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21
Q

N3

A

DELTA WAVES

Contributed 20%-50% of brain activity
Growth hormones released
DEEPEST SLEEP
Sleep walking and night terrors

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22
Q

Sleep paralysis occurs when

A

REM SLEEP

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23
Q

REM

A

Deprived of REM you will get more the next night

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24
Q

Nightmares

A

They are bad dream
Children tend to have more
Becuase they have more REM SLEEP
Vivid memories

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25
Q

Night terrors

A

Is a disorder
More likely in Children and are likely to be gone.
It’s a panic when asleep, they may scream and thrash around
Unable to breathe don’t remember

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26
Q

Insomnia

A

The inability to get to sleep, stay asleep or get a good quality of sleep

Anxiety causes
Too much caffeine

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27
Q

Sleep apnea

A

Breathing is blocked therefore snore

Stops breathing! For 10 seconds or more

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28
Q

Narcolepsy

A

Sleep seizures
A person can flip suddenly to REM
STRONG EMOTIONS

SUDDEN LOSS OF MUSCLE TONE

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29
Q

Sleepwalking occurs in what stage

A

N3!!

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30
Q

Manifest content

A

Dream is the actual dream itself.

Dreaming you peed in bed. You preed your bed

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31
Q

Latent content

A

True meaning of the dream is hidden

(Latent) everything symbolizes somethin.

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32
Q

Activation synthesis hypothesis

A

The pons in the brainstem sends random signals to the upper part of the brain during REM.
Passes through thalamus
Sends to cortex and make up random stories of dreams

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33
Q

Activation information model

A

Information is accessed during waking hours can have influence on dreams.

Uses experiences to make dream so dreams have meaning

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34
Q

Freud says dreams are made of

A

Wish fulfillment

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35
Q

The actual content of a dream is called

A

Manifest content

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36
Q

Most people tend to

A

Dream in color

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37
Q

Hypnosis

A

Is a state of consciousness in which s person is susceptible to suggestions

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38
Q

Dissociation

A

Splitting of the conscious awareness

One part is aware of the activity while the hypnotized part is not

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39
Q

Social cognitive theory

A

Suggests that people assume roles based on expectations for a given situation

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40
Q

Psychoactive drugs

A

Chemical substances that alter thinking, perception, memory

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41
Q

Physical dependence

A

Causes the user’s body to crave the drug.

Unable to function with out without the drug

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42
Q

Drug tolerance

A

Larger and larger amounts are needed to achieve the same initial effect of the drug

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43
Q

Withdrawal

A

Experiences symptoms when deprived of the drugs.
Headaches, nausea, irritability, pain etc

NEGATIVE REINFORCEMENT: removing pain by giving something

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44
Q

Stimulants

Examples!!

A

Drugs that increase functioning of the nervous system

Amphetamines
Cocaine
Nicotine
Caffeine

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45
Q

Depressants

Examples

A

Drugs that decrease functioning of the nervous system

Barbiturates
Benzodiazepines
Alcohol
Opium/morphine/heroin

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46
Q

Hallucinogenic

A

Drugs that alter perceptions and may cause hallucinations

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47
Q

Amphetamines is what?

A

Treat attention deficit/hyperactivity
Meth!
Uses the energy reserves! Effects the sympathetic nervous system!

STIMULANT

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48
Q

Cocaine is what?

A

Stimulant
Produces feelings of euphoria
Suppresses appetite and pain

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49
Q

Benzodiazepines is what?

A

Depressant
Tranquilizer
Valium and Xanax

Rohypnol: date rape drug

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50
Q

Alcohol is what?

What does it effect

A

Depressant!!
Depressant the inhibitions!!
Loses social rules!

Stimulates release of GABA!
Slows or stood neural activity

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51
Q

Examples of narcotics

A

Opium- pain releasing euphoria
Mimics endorphins! (Painkillers)
Thus the body stops endorphins and the withdrawal is painful
Morphine-control severe pain! Came from opium
Heroin- very addictive

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52
Q

Hallucinogens examples

A

LSD- came from fungus, distorts reality! Make poor decision
PCP- vet tranquilizer! Violence!
MDMA- ecstasy- releases a lot of serotonin and blocks reuptake! Dehydration/ raised body temp
Marijuana!- natural

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53
Q

Which drug causes physical withdrawl symptom! Mood swing paranoia fatigue and unable to feel happiness

A

Cocaine

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54
Q

Extrinsic motivation

A

A person performs an action that leads to an outcome that is separate from the person.

Giving child money for an A
Increase performance will be given bonuses

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55
Q

Intrinsic motivation

A

A person performs the action because the act itself is rewarding or fun to the individual

Intrinsicly motivated they are more creative

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56
Q

Instincts

A

Biologically determined and innate patterns of behaviors

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57
Q

What is a need

A

Is a requirement of some material (food or water) that is essential for survival

Thus it leads to a drive to reduce tension

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58
Q

Drive reduction theory

A

Connection between internal physiological states and outward behavior.

Prinary drive- survival needs of the body

Secondary
Learned through experience or conditioning

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59
Q

Primary drive

A

Are those involved with survival needs.

Hunger and thirst

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60
Q

Secondary drive

A

Are those that learn through experience

Money or social approval

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61
Q

Carols dweck self theory of motivation

A

The need for achievement is closely related to personality factors including a persons view of how the self can affect the individual perception of the success or failure of their action

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62
Q

Motivation is a process by which activities are… (3)

A

Started directed and continued

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63
Q

Stimulus motive

A

Appears to be not learned but caused an increase in stimulation.

Example
Curiosity, playing, exploration

64
Q

Optimum arousal

A

People have an optimal level of tension.

Too much and too less is bad

Yerkes-Dodson Law

65
Q

Yerkes- Dodson law

A

Law refers to stimulus intensity, not arousal lvl

66
Q

Easy tasks are performed well when

A

We are at high moderate lvl of arousal

67
Q

Difficult task are performed well when we

A

Have a low moderate arousal level

68
Q

Sensation seekers

A

Need more arousal
More complex and varied sensory experience.

ITS NOT ALWAYS DANGER
traveling to different countries

69
Q

Incentive approach

A

External stimulus and it’s rewarding properties. Independent of any need or arousal.

Full but wanting to eat pie. And eat it

70
Q

Self actualization

A

People have satisfied the lower needs and achieve HUMAN POTENTIAL!!!

71
Q

Maslow hierarchy of needs (8)

A

8) Physiological needs
7) Safety needs
6) Need of love/accepted
5) To achieve/gain approval
4) Cognitive needs
3) Aesthetic needs- beauty/order
2) Self actualization-self fulfillment realize potential
1) Spiritual need

72
Q

Stressor

A

Stress causing events

Within a person from an external source

73
Q

What is distress and what is it part of

A

Part of stressor

When people unpleasant stressor which comes from positive events.

Marriage, promotion, baby

74
Q

Eustress

A

As the optimal amount of stress that people need to promote health and well being.

75
Q

Stress isn’t bade why?

A

Many students wouldn’t study if there’s no stress.

Arousal and anxiety could help the brain

76
Q

Social readjustment rating scale

A

Amount of stress in a persons life
Adding up “life change units”

300 and higher are majorly stressed

77
Q

Items that are most stressed and least on the SRRS

A 
Death of a spouse
Divorce
 jail
Illness 
Marriage
-----------
Vacation
Christmas
Minor violation
78
Q

CUSS college undergrad stressor scale

A 
Rape
Friends death
STD
Finals
Flunking class
-----------------
Peer pressure
Homesick
Falling asleep in class
Dating
79
Q

Hassles

A

Daily annoyances
Misplacing thing

Causes headaches

80
Q

Ages 3-5 what are the daily hassle

A

Getting teased

81
Q

6-10 biggest hassle

A

Getting bad grades

82
Q

11-15 biggest hassle

A

Drugs and peer pressure

83
Q

16-22 biggest hassle

A

School or work

84
Q

Adults biggest stressor

A

Fights between family

85
Q

Psychological factor in stress (5)

A 
Pressure
Uncontrollability
Frustration
Aggression 
Conflict
86
Q

Pressure

A

People feel they have to work harder and faster to meet deadline

87
Q

Uncontrollability

A

Degree of control they have in the situation

More active retirees if they choose activity

88
Q

Frustration

A

Blocked or prevented from scoring the goals

89
Q

Internal frustration

A

Personal frustration

The goal or need cannot be attained based on personal characteristic.

90
Q

Frustration steps

A

Persistence is the first step

Aggression

Escape

91
Q

Displaced aggression

A

Frustrated at work this comes home to yell at someone else! Creates scapegoats

92
Q

Escape/withdrawl

A

Dropping out of school, quitting ending a relationship

To use of drugs/fantasy maybe suicide.

93
Q

Approach-approach conflict

A

Experiences desire for two goals
Both are positive!
Win-win

Only stress is losing the opportunity of the othe

94
Q

Avoidance-avoidance conflicts

A

Two or more goals that are unpleasant “out of the frying pan into the fire”
Lose lose

MORE STRESS THAN APPROACH APPROACH

95
Q

Approach-avoidance conflict

A

Event may have both positive and negative. Marriage/ promotion to a city that’s not liked

MOST STRESS

96
Q

Multiple approach-avoidance conflicts

A

Choice between two goals that have both positive and negative elements.

Double approach avoidance conflicts
Moving to the suburbs or city
Each has both positive and negative
Back and forth between decisions

97
Q

Autonomic nervous system

A

Responsible with in voluntary life sustaining activities

98
Q

Sympathetic nervous system

A

Fight or flight

Heart increase, digestion slows, stressed situation

99
Q

Parasympathetic

A

Returns the body to normal

100
Q

General adaption syndrome “(3)

A

Alarm
Resistance
Exhaustion

How body responds to stress

101
Q

Alarm

A

First reacts to a stressor
Adrenal release hormones to increase heart rates. Blood pressure m, bursting of energy

FEVER HEADACHE NAUSEA

102
Q

Resistance

A

Body is in sympathetic division activity, continue to release stress hormones
Feel no pain

Continue until it uses up all its resources

Norepinephrine- effects brain processing

103
Q

Exhaustion

A

Body resource are gone

End of stressor the parasympathetic activates and replenished resources

104
Q

What hormones deal with stressor

A

Gluccorticoids
EPINEPHERINE
norepinephrine

105
Q

Vagus nerve

A

Has receptor sites that signal the brain that the body is sick causing the brain to resound further

106
Q

Stress activates first

A

In the brain rather than blood stream

107
Q

Acute stress and chronic

A

Acute
Helps overcome

Chronic
Bad, depletes the body of resources

108
Q

Glucocorticoids

long term stress

A 
BASICALLY A STEROID 
Increase BP
Weight gain
suppress immune
Destroys neurons and hippocampus 
Damage muscle tissue
109
Q

Conflictive mediation am theory of emotions

A

People think about and appraise s stressor is a major factor in how stressful that particular stressor becomes

110
Q

Primary appraisal

A

Involved in estimating the severity of the stressor and classify as a threat or a challenge

Harmful? Go to secondary

111
Q

Secondary appraisal

A

Estimating the resources available to the person for coping with the stressor. MORE STRESS IF RESOURCE IS LACK

112
Q

Appraisal Are influenced by…

A

Personality

113
Q

Personality depends on

A

How a person views life

114
Q

Type A

A 
Competitive
Ambitious
Greater risk of heart disease
Multiple things
Quick to anger
115
Q

Type B

A

Really relax
Little risk for heart disease
Less driven
Slow to anger

116
Q

Type C

A 
Pleasant
Peace keeper
INTERNALIZE 
not express emotions 
Hugh cancer rate
117
Q

Type H

A

Similar to A
Thrive in stress rather than getting worn down

Deep sense of commitment
Control over life
View problems as challenges
DONT HAVE NEGATIVE HEALTH RISKS

118
Q

Burnout

A

Negative changes in thoughts/emotions/ and behavior as a result of prolong stressed.

Physical and mental exhaustion

119
Q

Acculturative stress

A

Adapting a new or different culture

120
Q

Integration

A

Individual maintains a sense of original culture while also trying to form positive relationships.

121
Q

Assimilation

A

Minority’s give up their old identity

122
Q

Separation

A

Minority rejects the majority cultures ways and tries to maintain the original

123
Q

Problem-focus coping

A

When people try to eliminate the source of stressor reduce impact through own action

Talking to the teacher after class
Asking fellow students
124
Q

Emotion-focused coping

A

Changing the way a person feels or emotionally ready to stressor
Uncontrollable stressor

View stressor as a challenge not a threat
Humor

125
Q

Self determination theory

Three needs

A

Autonomy- need to be in control of ones own behavior.
Competence- need to be able to master the challenges
Relatedness- to feel a sense of belonging

126
Q

Autonomy

A

Need to be in control of ones own behavior and goals

Self determination

127
Q

Competence

A

The need to be able to master the challenges of life

128
Q

Relatedness

A

To feel the need of belonging, intimacy, and security with relationship of others.

129
Q

Insulin

A

Hormone reduces of glucose in bloodstream

Release greater amount after eating has begun. Causes a feeling of more hunger because of the drop in blood sugar

130
Q

Glucagon

A

Hormone increase levels of glucose in bloodstream.

131
Q

Leptin

A

Hormone
Controls appetite
It signals hypothalamus that you’ve had enough food

132
Q

Hypothalamus

A

Controls motivation
Ventralmedial hypothalamus involved with stopping of eating when glucose rises

Lateral hypothalamus-
Influence eating when insulin evils go up damage in this area causes stop eating

133
Q

Weight set point

A

Hypothalamus effects the particular level of weight that the body tries to maintain.

134
Q

Basal metabolic rate

A

The rate in which the body burns energy when a person is resting.

Decrease this makes you fat as you get older .

135
Q

If calorie intake stays the same, as god basal metabolic rate decreases, the weight set point…

A

Increase

136
Q

What are the three elements of emotions

A

Certain physical arousal
Certain behavior that reveals feelings
Inner awareness of the feeling

137
Q

Emotions are?

A

Is an arousal created by sympathetic nervous system

Heart rate increases
Breathing more rapid
Pupils dilate

138
Q

Which part of the brain manages emotions

A

Amygdala

Emotions like fear and pleasure

139
Q

Low road

A

Emotion provoking stimulus
Faster simpler path allowing for quick response.
Before we are consciously aware
“DANGER”

140
Q

High road

A

Uses virtual pathways and is slower and more complex. Recognize threats

More consciously take control of our emotional response
“It’s a shark”

141
Q

Positive emotions are found

A

In the left frontal lobe

142
Q

Negative feelings are located where

A

Right frontal lobe

143
Q

Identifying another emotion is where

A

Right hemisphere is more active

144
Q

Controlling emotions are located

A

Lateral prefronta cortex and anteror cortex

145
Q

Display rules

A

Varies from culture to culture

Are learned ways of controlling displays of emotions in social settings

Japanese do not show emotions outside socially

146
Q

Individualistic

A

Comes from display rules
Placing importance of the individual above social groups

US

147
Q

Collectivist a

A

Part of display rules
Placing the importance of the social group above individual

Japanese

148
Q

Seven facial expressions that are recognizable in every culture

A 
Anger 
Fear 
Disgust
Happiness
Surprise
Sadness
Contempt
149
Q

James Lange theory

A

The stimulus produces a physiological reaction. Arousal of the fight or flight sympathetic nervous system

“I am afraid because I’m shaking”

150
Q

Common sense theory

A

A stimulus leads to an emotion of fear, which leads to arousal through autonomic nervous system

“I’m shaking because I’m scared”

151
Q

Cannon bard theory of arousal

A

Stimulus
(Vagus nerve a cranial nerve)
The stimulus
First response is the brain activity than to both fear and arousal

“I’m shaking and feel in afraid at the same time”

152
Q

Schatcher-singer cognitive arousal

A

Stimulus of the snaring
Physical arousal and a labeling of the aroussl based in cues from the environment
Then emotions
“This snarling dog is dangerous and that makes me feel afraid”

153
Q

Facial feed back hypothesis

A

This explanation assumes facial expressions provide feedback to the brain concerning the emotion being expressed

1) intensifies the emotion
2) causes emotions

154
Q

Lazarus’s cognitive-mediational theory

A

How the person interprets the stimulus that causes the emotional reaction

Interpret the threat have the fear then you respond
“Middle is fear”
(Dog behind a fence)

155
Q

Hypnopomoic hallucination

A

A hallucination that happens just as a person is in between state of being REM sleep and no get fully awake

156
Q

Internal locus of control

A

Intelligence is changeable and can be shaped by experience

157
Q

External locus of control

A

Intelligence is fixed unchanging and independent

158
Q

Integration

A

Tries to form to another culture while maintains his own

Psychology 101 (5 decks)

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