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Psychology 101 > Psychology 1-3 > Flashcards

Psychology 1-3 Flashcards

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1
Q

Neurons are what?

A

Cells that are responsible for communicating between cells. Send and receive messages

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2
Q

Glia

A

Provides functional and structural support to Neurons (migration in development, deliever nutrients, waste removal, myelin sheath)
Might cause depression and schizophrenia

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3
Q

Dendrites

A

receives signals and sensory neurons,

the receiving neuron fires or remains quiet

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4
Q

Soma

A

contains nucleus

intergrate signal from dendrites and passes them down to axons

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5
Q

axons

A

carries the signal to the opposite end

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6
Q

myelin sheath

A

surrounds axons insulating from other cells and tissues

makes the signal faster

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7
Q

terminal branches

A

release neuro transmitter.

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8
Q

Oligodendrocyte

A

Produce myelin sheath for neurons in bothe the brain and spinal cord

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9
Q

Schwann Cells

A

produce myelin for the neurons of the body (peripheral nervous system)
Damaged nerve fibers can help repair themselves

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10
Q

resting potential

A

inside more negative

outside more positive

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11
Q

what does the action potential do

A

when positive sodium ions enters the cell which causes a reversal of the electrical charge from negative to positive.
after the action potential moves down the towards the terminal. the cell areas return to their resting state of negative.

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12
Q

Sensory neurons

A

neurons that carry info from the sense receptors to the central nervous system

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13
Q

motor neurons

A

neurons that carry outgoing information from the central nervous system to the muscle and glands

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14
Q

Interneurons

A

Neural connectors link sensory and motor neurons

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15
Q

What happens in the synapse when releasing neurotrasmitter

A

Nerve impulse reaches the axon tr=erminal triggering the release of neurotransmitters from the synaptic vesicles.

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16
Q

agonist

A

a chemical substance that mimics or enhances the effects of a neurotransmitter for ACh.

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17
Q

antagonist

A

a chemical substance that blocks or reduces the effects of a neuro transmitter for ACh

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18
Q

inside the cell

A

Potassium K+

Proteins A-

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19
Q

outside the cell

A

Sodium Na+
Chloride Cl-
Calcium Ca++

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20
Q

action potential

A

electrical impulse that provides the basis for conduciton of info along an axon to its terminals
-70mV to +40mV

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21
Q

Acetylcholine (ACh)

A

enables muscle action, learning, memory
undersupplied could lead to alzhemer’s disease

Flood could cause convulsion

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22
Q

Dopamin

A

Influences movement learning attention and emotions
excess dopamine receptor activity linked to schizophrenia.
little dopamine creates parkinson’s

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23
Q

Serotonin

A

Affects mood hunger sleep and arousal

undersupply linked to depression

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24
Q

Norepinephrine

A

helps control alertness and arousal

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25
Q

GABA (gamma-aminobutyric acid)

A

undersupply linked to seizures, tremors, and insominia

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26
Q

Glutamate

A

major excitatory neurotransmitter; involved in MEMORY

oversupply can overstimulate brain, producing migraines and seizures

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27
Q

reuptake

A

cocaine (dopamine) affects by blocking this. some neurotransmitters drift away after the process of diffusion but must just go back in the synaptic vesicles

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28
Q

Central nervous system

A

composed of the brain and the spinal cord. control the life sustaining functions of the body as well as all thought, emotion, and behavior.

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29
Q

Peripheral Nervous System

A

All other nerves

links CNS to sensory receptors muscles , glands etc.

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30
Q

afferent (sensory) neurons

A

carry messages from the senses to the spinal cord

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31
Q

efferent (motor) neurons

A

that carry messages from the spinal cord to the muscles and glands

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32
Q

Neuroplasticity

A

ability to constantly change both the structure and function of many cells in the brain in response to experience and even trauma

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33
Q

Somatic nervous system

A

“body” made of sensory pathways, nerves carrying messages from the senses to the CNS.
MOTOR pathway: messages from CNS to the VOLUNTARY muscles of the body

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34
Q

AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM

A

organs, glands, and involuntary

divided by parasympathetic and sympathetic division

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35
Q

sympathetic division

A

located in the middle of the spine
FIGHT OR FLIGHT
emotion (anger, or under a lot of stress)

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36
Q

Parasympathetic

A

Rest and digest

returns body to stable state

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37
Q

endocrine glands

A

uses hormones to communicate instead of neurotransmitters

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38
Q

hormones

A

they are released into the blood by endocrine glands farther reach

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39
Q

pituitary gland

A

found in the brain below the hypothlamus.

master gland that controls or influences all of the other glands.

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40
Q

The Pineal gland

A

near the back of the brain

secretes melatonin, help keep track of the day length. sleep and wake

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41
Q

thyroid gland

A

inside the neck
thyroxin
regulates growth and metabolism
and brain and body development

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42
Q

Pancreas

A

controls the level of blood sugar.
Insulin and glucagon (less=diabetes)
(more=hypoglycemia)

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43
Q

The gonads

A

sex glands

ovaries and testes

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44
Q

adrenal glands

A

top of each kidney
release epinephrine and norepinephrine
produces over 30 different hormones
regulate salt intake, control stress, provide sex hormones.
CORTISOL: release glucose during stress, provides energy for the brain.

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45
Q

what is in the Hindbrain

A 
C.R.M.P
Medulla 
Pons
Reticular formation
Cerebellum
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46
Q

Medulla

A

Controls basic life sustaining fuctions
swallowing/heartbeat/breathing
CANT LIVE WITHOUT IT

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47
Q

Pons “bridge”

A 
connects lower and upper part of the brain
plays a role in 
sleep
dreaming
arousal
coordinates movement
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48
Q

Reticular formation

A

runs through medulla and pons
selective attention
wakefulness
alertness

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49
Q

Cerebellum

A

motor center
coordinates the skeletal muscles
automative
Habits

50
Q

Limbic system

A

responsible for emtions
eating drinking reproduction, etc.
learning
memory

51
Q

Thalamus

A

relay sensory info from lower part of the brain

52
Q

hypothalamus

A

regulates body temp, thirst, hunger sleep, wakefullness

53
Q

Hippocamus

A

“sea horse”

long term memory

54
Q

Amygdala

A

responsible for fear responses and memory of fear

55
Q

Frontal lobe

A 
High mental processes
abstract, complex thoughts
emotional processing
decision making 
planning and problem solving
FLUENCY IN SPEECH
bEHAVIORAL CONTROL
56
Q

PARIETAL LOBE

A

Sensation and perception integrating sensroy input

57
Q

Occipital lobe

A

Processes visual info from the eyes

color

58
Q

Temporal lobe

A

Processes auditory info form ears idetifies and makes sense of auditory info
(communication)

59
Q

Left hemisphere of the brain

A 
controls the right side
speech and language
verbal reasoning
logic
math
reading
60
Q

right hemisphere

A 
controls left side of the body
spatial and pattern skills 
recognizes faces
non verbal
music artistic
`
61
Q

CT scan (computed tomography

A 
brain imaging method that takes an x ray
detects damages
low resolution
(above cut)
MAPS THE STRUCTURE
62
Q

MRI (magnetic resonance imagining)

A 
(side view)
Uses magnets
provides more detail than CT
can't see the function
MAPS THE STRUCTURE
63
Q

EEG (electrencephalogram)

A

records electric activity from the brain

records a huge number of neurons

64
Q

PET (Positron emission tomography)

A

Radioactive sugar is injected and creates a color coded image of the brain activity
which part of the brain uses the most sugar

65
Q

fMRI (fuctional MRI)

A

detects levels of oxygen, neurons that are active require more blood flow.
can see in real time
indirect measure of activity.

66
Q

Sensation

A

eyes, ears nose, skin and taste

67
Q

transduction

A

process of converting outside stimuli activity

68
Q

Subliminal stimuli

A

are stimuli that are below the level of conscious awareness

act upon the unconscious mind

69
Q

habituation

A

ignore the conscious attention to stimuli that do not change. hearing and ignoring air conditioner. BRAIN

70
Q

sensory adaption

A

constant unchanging receptors is effectively
receptor cell themselves become less responsive to an unchanging stimulus- garbage odor- it no longer sends signal to the brain RECEPTOR

71
Q

Weber’s law

A

Whatever the difference is between 2 stimuli, it is always constant
comparing lbs. 3-6 lbs and 12-15lbs

72
Q

difference threshold

A

smallest difference between 2 stimuli that is detectable 50% of the time. just noticeable

73
Q

Cornea

A

bends light waves so the image can be focused on the retina.

LASIK

74
Q

Aqueous humor

A

clear liquid that nourishes the eye

75
Q

iris

A

it’s muscles control the size of the pupil

76
Q

pupil

A

Iris opening that changes size depending on the amount of light in the enviroment

77
Q

Lens

A

changes shape to bring objects to focus VISUAL ACCOMODATION

78
Q

Retina

A

contains photoreceptor cells absorbing light and processing light

79
Q

Fovea

A

central area of retina; greatest density of photoreceptors

80
Q

blind spot

A

where the optic nerve leaves the eye; there are no photo receptor cells here

81
Q

process of which light enters

A

1)Light passes through ganglion and bipolar cells until it reaches rods and cones (photo receptors)

82
Q

What are the photo receptors and what do they do

A

rods- 120 million on the peripheral, high sensitivity to dim light.THEY ARE NOT IN THE FOVEA
cones- 6 million, located in the center, low sensitivity in dim light, COLOR,

83
Q

TRICHROMATIC

A

Three colors; red cones blue cones green cones

GRB

84
Q

Opponent process theory

A

after image occurs.
red green blue yellow
red is paired with its opponent green
and blue is paired with its opponent yellow

85
Q

what is the range of human hearing?
dogs?
dolphins?

A

20-20,000hz
50-60,000hz
up to 200,00hz

86
Q

Outer ear has what

A

Pinna- functions as a funnel

entrance to the auditory canal

87
Q

Middle ear has what bones

A

1)hammer (malleus)
anvil (incus)
stirrup (stapes)- last bone in the chain, causes a membrane covering the opening of the inner ear to vibrate

88
Q

inner ear has waht

A

oval window,
Cochlea-filled with fluid, it also vibrates
fluid surrounds the basilar membrane

89
Q

What is the basilar membrance

A

is the resting place of the organ of Corti which contains the RECEPTOR CELLS FOR THE SENSE OF HEARING.
hair cells send signal to the auditory nerve.

90
Q

Place theory

A

we perceive different pitches because of stimulation of hair cells in different location on the basilar membrane

91
Q

Frequency theory

A

we perceived pitch is related to the speed of vibrations in the Basilar membrane.

92
Q

volley principle

A

perceived pitch (out of range pitches) is due to groups of neurons taking runs firing.

93
Q

conduction hearing loss

A

problem with outer or middle ear

sound vibrations cannot be passed from ear drunm to cochlea HEARING AIDS

94
Q

nerve hearing impairment

A

problem with the inner ear, pathways to the brain, critical areas of the brain

95
Q

SMELL (olfaction)

A

chemicals present in the air are the stimulus
olfactory bulb
olfactory receptor

96
Q

taste (gustation)

A

sweet sour salty bitter umami fat
TASTEBUDS ARE RECEPTOR CELLS
PAPILLAE ARE NEXT TO TASTE BUDS

97
Q

What is Somesthetic sense

A

body sense
touch, pressure, temperature, pain
located in the skin
different types of receptors detect different skin senses

98
Q

Gate control theory

A

spinal cord contains the gate that block pain
gate opens when it is painful
closes later

99
Q

Kinesthetic sense

A

Sense of location of the body parts in relation to each other and in space (movement and position)
RECEPTORS ARE IN THE MUSCLES JOINTS AND TENDONS

100
Q

Vesticular senses

A

Sensations of movement balance, body position

101
Q

size constancy

A

tendency to interpret an object as always being the same actual size, regardless of distance

102
Q

Shape constancy

A

tendency to interpret the shape of an oject as being constant, even when its shape changes on the retina

103
Q

brightness constancy

A

perceiving the apparent brightness of an object as the same, even when the light conditions change

104
Q

Figure ground

A

Tendency to perceive objects, or figures, as existing on a background

105
Q

proximity

A

tendency to perceive objects that are close to each other as part of the same grouping

106
Q

Similarity

A

tendency to perceive things that look similar to each other as being part of the same group

107
Q

closure

A

tendency to complete figures that are incomplete

108
Q

continuity

A

tendency to perceive things as simply as possible with a continuous patter rather than with a complex pattern

109
Q

contiguity

A

perceive things that happen close together in time as being related
Ventriloquist

110
Q

common region

A

tendency to perceive objects that are in common are

111
Q

binocular cues

A

cues that depend on the use of both eyes

  • retinal disparity= slighty different images because they are a few inches apart
  • convergence= rotation of the eye is closer
112
Q

monocular cues

A

distances cues available to either eye alone

tons of exmaples

113
Q

phi phenomenon

A

lights turned on in a sequence. (christmas lights)

114
Q

autokinetic effect

A

a small stationary light in a dark room appear to move because there ar eno surrounding cues

115
Q

stroboscopic motion

A

motion pictures

116
Q

Broca area

A

Left frontal lobe
Production of speech
Unable to use words smoothly
Mispronunciation

117
Q

Wernicke’s area

A

Left temporal lobe
Unable to speak fluently
Thoughts making sense but doesn’t

118
Q

Reflex arc

What three parts make it up

A

Afferent neurons, efferent neurons, interneurons

119
Q

Visual accomodation

A

Flexible held in place by muscle

Objects near and far away

120
Q

Operational definition

A

Researcher must identify what is shreds ice behavior

Psychology 101 (5 decks)

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