test 4 Flashcards
helps a child shift from the dependency of infancy to the independence of later childhood
Transitional Object
physical skills that involve small muscles and eye-hand coordination
fine motor skills
the preference for using one particular hand
handedness
the condition where the basic needs of a child such as food or safety are not being met
physical neglect
an action taken to endanger a child involving potential injury to the body
physical abuse
the failure to meet a child’s basic bodily needs (food, clothing, medical care, protection, supervision)
neglect
the failure to give a child emotional support, love and affection
emotional neglect
frightening dreams
nightmares
repeated urination in clothing or bed
enuresis
waking up from a deep sleep with no recall after
night terrors
Piaget’s stage from 2-7 years old
pre-operational
the tendency to attribute life to objects that are not living
animism
the process where a child absorbs the meaning of a new word after hearing it once or twice
fast mapping
talking aloud to oneself with no intent to communicate with others
private speech
the ability to use mental representations (words) to which a child has attached meaning
symbolic function
leads the child to focus on one aspect of a situation and neglect others, leading to illogical conclusions
centration
the awareness that two objects are equal according to a certain measure remain equal in the face of perceptual alteration (two are the same, just organized differently)
conservation
a limitation of preoperational thinking, consisting of failure to understand that an operation can go in two or more directions
irreversibility
long-term memory of specific experiences or events
episodic memory
the image a person has about their self
self-image
Erikson’s 3rd crisis, where children must balance the urge to pursue goals, but the possibility they might not be successful
initiative vs. guilt
parenting style which emphasizes control and obedience
authoritarian
parenting style that emphasizes self-expression and self-regulation
permissive
parenting that blends respect for a child’s individuality with an effort to instill social values
authoritative
behavior to help others without external reward
altruism
used as an instrument in achieving a goal
instrumental aggression
behavior intended to hurt another person
hostile aggression
a form of coercive parenting in which physical force is used in an attempt or control the child’s behavior
corporal punishment
the behaviors, interests, attitudes, skills, and traits that a culture considers appropriate for males or females
gender roles
The component of working memory that plans and controls its various subsystems is called the
central executive.
repeating something over and over again to remember it later
phonological loop
visual map or area in ones mind that helps them remember locations or directions
visuospatial sketchpad
combining information to make it easier to remember
chunking
A single general ability that influences all areas of intellectual functioning is called the…
g-factor
a complex set of abilities made up of several distinct but related domains.
intelligence
The ability to appreciate and discriminate musical forms (a musical enthusiast, music critic) and to transform and perform music (a musician, composer).
musical intelligence
The capacity to orient oneself within space (guide, hunter, taxi driver) and the ability to manipulate mentally spatial perceptions (architect, chemist, artist).
spatial intelligence
The capacity to recognize and classify elements in nature and to appreciate cultural artifacts (teacher, lobbyist, park ranger).
naturalist intelligence
The ability to understand oneself and one one’s own strengths, weaknesses, and needs (planner, small business owner, religious leader, writer).
intrapersonal intelligence
The capacity to use language well; can include both speaking (storytellers or politicians) and writing (authors, poets and so on).
linguistic intelligence
The capacity to reason well (scientist, engineer), and to use numbers to solve problems (accountant, mathematician).
logical-mathematical intelligence
The ability to recognize and deal with moods, feelings, and intentions in other people (counselor, social worker).
interpersonal inteliigence
The ability to appreciate/tackle deep philosophical questions about, for example, what is right and wrong, why do things exist, what gives rise to consciousness (scientist, theologian, philosophy professor).
existential intelligence
American psychologist Robert Sternberg proposed that intelligence is a measure of
how you perform in the world every day.
the first step in critical thinking…
analyzing the facts
is the ability to recognize when you do or don’t know something.
metacognition
at what age does thumb sucking become a problem?
after age four
leading cause of death in childhood
car accidents
During the ages of 3 to 6, children’s growth…
slows compared to infancy and early childhood
The most rapid brain growth from ages 3 to 6 is in the…
frontal lobes
enuresis is a….
genetic condition
left-handedness is more common in…
boys
when children reflect on things that are not physically present
symbolic function
awareness of a child’s own thought processes
Theory of Mind
when does autobiographical memory begin?
3 or 4
First legislation to protect children….
Head Start (1965)
Designed to locate and evaluate children at-risk and their families
Early and Periodic Screening, Diagnosis, and Treatment Program (EPSDT) (1967)
Established federal requirements and funding for U.S. public schools
Elementary and Secondary Education Act (ESEA) (1965)
provides food vouchers, nutrition education, and medical supervision
(WIC) (1975)
mandates early intervention (identification, services) for children 3–5 years
The Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA)
guarantees children the right to full inclusion and protects against discrimination
Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) (1990)
provides rights and services to children and youth experiencing homelessness
The McKinney-Vento Act (1987)
Improve educational opportunities and academic success rates for all children, hold schools accountable
No Child Left Behind (2002)
establish clear, consistent guidelines for what every student should know and be able to do in math and English language arts from kindergarten through 12th grade.
Common Core Standards (2009)
prohibits sex discrimination in any federally-funded education program or activity
Title IX
1960s timeline
Head Start, special screening, ESEA, Title ix, Farms
1970s timeline
Head Start (with disabled kids, WIC, early interventions
1980s timeline
Mc-Kinney Vento Act, Early Head Start (birth-3)
1990s timeline
IDEA, ADA
2000s timeline
Common Core, Parcc, Anti-bullying
