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ANTH 2463: Science of Our Past > Test 4 > Flashcards

Test 4 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

assumptions to reconstructing past social and political systems

A

artifacts represent symbolic meaning, as well as functional behaviors. People organize space in meaningful ways

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2
Q

social organization

A

rules and structures that govern relations within a group of interacting people

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3
Q

group

A

a basic social unit

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4
Q

residental

A

physical face to face associations of people (community level villages, households)

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5
Q

non-residential

A

groups in an abstract sense. exist for specific purposes (symbols, ceremonies, insignia)

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6
Q

political organization

A

formal and informal institutions that regulate a society’s collective acts. Control can rest within residential or non-residential groups

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7
Q

rules and behaviors

A

how a group operates is a matter of gender, kinship, and status

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8
Q

gender role

A

differential participation of males, females, and other genders in the institutions of a cultural group

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9
Q

gender-ideology

A

culturally prescribed values assigned to the task and status of men and women

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10
Q

mortuary analysis

A

the study of graves and their contents to learn about past societies and individuals

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11
Q

kinship

A

the socially recognized network of relationships through which individuals are related to one another. blends biological descent with cultural rules that define degrees of relatedness

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12
Q

bilateral descent

A

relatives are traced equally on the mother’s and father’s side. The nuclear family is most important

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13
Q

matrilineal descent

A

a unilineal descent system in which ancestry is traced through the female line. The lineage is most important. Women inherit

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14
Q

clans

A

a group of matri- or patrilineages who see themselves as descended from a (sometimes mythical) common ancestor. may be clustered into moieties. can be exogamous or endogamous

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15
Q

patrilocal houses

A

smaller houses (less than 60 m square), nuclear family, open floor plan

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16
Q

matrilocal houses

A

larger houses (more than 100m square), clusters of sisters, divided floor plan

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17
Q

matrilineal houses

A

long distance hunting, external warfare, bonds of assistance and cooperation

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18
Q

genetic data (aDNA)

A

tells us how people moved around

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19
Q

social status

A

the rights, duties, privileges, and powers that accrue to a recognized and named social position

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20
Q

achieved social status

A

accrued by accomplishment

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21
Q

ascribed social status

A

accrued by inheritance

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22
Q

sociopolitical systems

A

serve to resolve conflicts of interest and regulate relationships (organization of leadership and authority, development and transformation of political structures)

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23
Q

complexity

A

the number and proliferation of specialized political, economic, or other social roles and institutions within a society (complexity isn’t necessarily better, it just means more working parts)

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24
Q

egalitarian

A

the number of valued statuses is queal to the number of persons with the ability to fill them. generally equal access to life-sustaining resources. status=achieved
social unit=bands

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25
Q

ranked

A

limit the positions of valued status so that no everyone of sufficient talent can achieve them. economic institutions redistribute goods and services throughout the community
status=ascribed/achieved
social unit=tribes, chiefdoms, states

26
Q

chiefdom

A

regional polity in which two or more local groups are organized under a single chief. ascribed status (chief), centralized redistribution, craft specialization, centers with monuments, warfare (part-time military)

27
Q

exotics

A

artifacts made from a specific raw material or in a style that indicates long-distance contact. symbolic resources that reinforce authority, communication, and social order

28
Q

direct acquisition

A

a form of trade in which a person or group goes to the source area of an item to procure the raw material directly or to trade for it or finished products

29
Q

down the line trade

A

an exchange system in which goods are traded outward from a source area from group to group, resulting in a steady decline in the item’s abundance in archaeological sites farther from the source

30
Q

energy dispersive x-ray fluorescence (XRF)

A

uses obsidian’s trace elements to “fingerprint” an artifact and trace it to its geologic source

31
Q

instrumental neutron activation analysis (INAA)

A

determines the trace element composition of the clay used to make a pot to identify the clay’s geologic source

32
Q

elements of social organization

A

spatial layout of houses and communities, mortuary and prestige goods

33
Q

elements of political organization

A

spatial layout of public space, mortuary and prestige goods, location of burials, trade goods

34
Q

elements of gender

A

mortuary analysis, bioarchaeology, artistic representation, ethnographic analogy

35
Q

elements of kinship

A

spatial layout of houses, bioarchaeology, burial clusters, aDNA, stable isotopes, ethnographic analogy

36
Q

status

A

mortuary and prestige goods, stable isotopes, artistic representation

37
Q

trade

A

exotic goods, XRF, petrographic analysis and NIAA

38
Q

subsistence

A

how people obtain resources to line or meet a society’s basic needs. Today, money, but usually refers to food and water

39
Q

subsistence strategy

A

pattern for obtaining essential resources

40
Q

five major types of subsistence strategy

A

foraging, pastoralism, horticulture, agriculture, industrialism

41
Q

foragers

A

hunting, fishing, and gathering wild resources. lives in egalitarian mobile bands

42
Q

reciprocity

A

exchange of goods and services, and sharing are important

43
Q

population density

A

low in modern foragers through, late menarche, post-partum sex taboos, extended breast feeding, infanticide

44
Q

the holocene

A

adaptive change. humans had to shift their subsistence focus, more sedentary , wider variety of food resources

45
Q

conditions for greater complexity

A

limited mobility, abundant and predictable resources, imbalance between population density and food supply

46
Q

advantages of food production

A

supports greater populations, permanent settlement, created wealth in property, can have “specialists”

47
Q

disadvantages of food production

A

greater risk and vulnerability, competition for land, decreasing ecological variety, habitat destruction, population density, more work, poorer less diverse diet, vulnerable to epidemic disease

48
Q

health problems that come with food production

A

porotic hyperstosis (iron deficiency anemia), harris lines (childhood malnutrition), enamel hypoplasia (childhood malnutrition), dental caries (starch heavy died)

49
Q

zoonosis

A

any infectious disease that can be transmitted from non-human animals, both wild and domestic, to animals

50
Q

oasis theory

A

V. Gordon Childe. unilineal. discovered as people, plants and animals congregated around water sources

51
Q

hilly flanks theory

A

robert braidwood. unilineal. foragers accumulated the knowledge as they settle down

52
Q

critique of oasis and hilly flanks theory

A

assumed that all it took for argiculture to appear was the idea and the capacity. is this was true, then the transition should have been quick, which is not the case

53
Q

density equilibrium model

A

lewis binford. materialist paradigm. people adopt domesticated plants when population growth outstrips an environment’s carrying capacity

54
Q

optimal foraging

A

Steve Simms (& Bedouins). asks what foods foragers should harvest to maximize their rate of food intake

55
Q

A selectionist perspective

A

David Rindos and Coevolution. Whether humans become agriculturalists depends a lot on the genetic capacity of plants. Harvesting results in unintentional selection (plants become dependant on humans to survive)

56
Q

Ideationalist (social explanation)

A

Brian Hayden. In some areas (Mesoamerica), population growth did not precede domestication. may have raised as a way to increase social prestige. Women must have played a active role

57
Q

domestication

A

a process of alteration of a species to use by another species. there has to be a genetic change (wolf-> chihuahua). process NOT an event

58
Q

how do we know domestication had taken place?

A

geography, size, morphology, osteological changes, genetics, population characteristics

59
Q

early signs of domestication

A

1) technological changes
2) abrupt shifts in distributions of certain animals and plants in sites

60
Q

later signs of domestication

A

morphological changes that result from longer-term genetic isolation from wild populations

ANTH 2463: Science of Our Past (5 decks)

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