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Anatomy and Physiology > Test 4 > Flashcards

Test 4 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the functions of the nervous system

A

sensation, integration, and response

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2
Q

Explain the concept of integration

A

the process of processing information and is carried out by the cns

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3
Q

what is the concept of “All or none”

A

The strength of a response of a nerve cell is not dependent upon the strength of the stimulus
( -55mV)

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4
Q

how does stimulation of the neuron secrete of neurontransmitter

A

A neurotransmitter can influence neurons in one of three ways: it can excite, inhibit, or modulate them.

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5
Q

describe the function of the synapse

A

connects neurons so that information can be transferred

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6
Q

describe the structure of the synapse

A

there are three different types
Axosomatic -between axon terminals of one neuron and soma
Axodendritic -between axon terminals of one neuron and dendrite of other
Axoaxonal -axon to axon connection (less common)

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7
Q

Describe the development of the brain from the embryonic ectoderm

A

starts at the neural tube then the forebrain, midbrain, and hindbrain form then the secondary brain vesicles for which the correspond which the adult brain structures

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8
Q

list the major parts of the brain and their functions

A

Cerebrum - Indicates and coordinates movement and also regulates temperature
Brain stem - houses the mid-brian, pons, and medulla. It connects the cerebrum with the spinal cord
Cerebellum - coordinates voluntary muscle moments and maintains posture, balance, and equilibrium

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9
Q

list the major parts of the spinal cord and their functions

A

Cervical - control head and neck, diaphragm, and head
Thoracic - control chest and abdominal muscles
Lumbar - control leg muscles

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10
Q

Describe the function of the cerebellum

A

helps coordinate and regulate a wide range of functions and processes in both your brain and body

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11
Q

sensory imput

A

The response in a sensory organ (eyes, ears, nose, tongue, and skin) when it receives stimuli

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12
Q

integration

A

when the nervous system processes and interprets sensory input and make decisions about what should be done

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13
Q

motor output

A

conduction of signals from the CNS, and is carried out by a group of effector cells, the muscle cells or gland cells

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14
Q

central nervous system (CNS)

A

the brain and spinal cord
- integrating sensory info and coordinating conscious and unconscious activity

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15
Q

peripheral nervous system (PNS)

A

the portion of the nervous system consisting of nerves, ganglia, sensory receptors

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16
Q

somatic nervous system
( voluntary nervous system )

A

divisions of the peripheral nervous system that provides the motor innervation of skeletal muscles

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17
Q

Autonomic nervous system (ANS)
( involuntary nervous system )

A

efferent division of the peripheral nervous system that innervates cardiac and smooth muscles

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18
Q

what are astrocytes

A

physically protects neurons, helps with learning and memory
Found in the CNS

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19
Q

what are the microglial cells

A

defend the cells
Found in CNS

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20
Q

what are ependymal cells

A

produces cerebrospinal fluid; helps with circulation
Found in CNS

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21
Q

what are oligodendrocytes

A

responsible for production of myelin sheath
Found in CNS

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22
Q

what are satellite cells

A

provides structural support
Found in PNS

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23
Q

what are schwann cells

A

surround axons
Found in PNS

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24
Q

voltage

A

measure of potential energy generated by separated charges

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25
Q

current

A

flow of electricity from one point to another

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26
Q

what is the current equation

A

voltage / resistance

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27
Q

resistance

A

what is getting in the way of the current

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28
Q

how many NA and K ions go in and out of the sodium-potassium pump

A

2 K ions pump into the cell and 3 NA ions come out

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29
Q

what are the three ions channels

A

voltage-gated, ligand-gated channels and mechanically

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30
Q

voltage gated

A

open and close in response to change in membrane potential

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31
Q

ligated- gated channels

A

open when neurotransmitter latches onto receptors

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32
Q

mechanically gated

A

open in response to physical stretching of membrane

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33
Q

electrochemical gradient

A

measure of the free energy available to carry out the useful work of transporting the molecule across the membrane

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34
Q

Depolarization

A

Na goes in which creates depolarization (+40mV)

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35
Q

membrane potential

A

brief depolarization caused by changes in currents

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36
Q

refractory period

A

prevent signals from traveling both directions down the axon at once

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37
Q

synapse

A

the meeting point between 2 neurons

38
Q

what are the 2 types of synapses

A

electrical and chemical

39
Q

what is a electrical synapse

A

fast message involves gap junctions

40
Q

what is a chemical synapse

A

a controlled and slower message
More abundant and uses neurotransmitters

41
Q

presynaptic neuron

A

cell that sends the message or signal

42
Q

presynaptic (axon) terminal

A

transmit message, holds synaptic vesicles which holds neurotransmitters

43
Q

postsynaptic neuron

A

receiving cell communication

44
Q

list the steps of the neurotransmitter

A
  1. ATP races along the axon of the neuron activating Na and K
  2. voltage-gated calcium channels open and release calcium into the neuron cytoplasm
  3. Ca+ ions cause synaptic vesicles to fuse with the cell membrane and send chemical messengers
45
Q

Excited

A

depolarize postsynaptic neuron by making the inside more positive, which brings it closer to AP threshold

46
Q

inhibitory

A

hyper polarizes postsynaptic neuron making the inside more negative which moves it away from the AP threshold
- the message doesn’t get passed

47
Q

what is Broca’s area responsible for

A

speech and language

48
Q

what is Broca’s aphasia

A

when someone has some ability to understand speech but can’t produce words

49
Q

what is the function of the brain

A

thinking, feeling and remembering

50
Q

what is the function of the spinal cord

A

conducts 2 way signals to brain and rest of the body

51
Q

list the layers of meninges

A

dura mater, arachnoid, and pia matter

52
Q

where is cerebrospinal fluid found

A

between the arachnoid and pia mater

53
Q

list the stages of embryonic development

A
  1. neural tube
  2. lower end of the tube stretches which forms spinal cord. The cranial end begins to expand and divides into 3 parts. prosencephalon, mesencephalon, and rhombencephalon
  3. prosencephalon divides into 2 parts, telencephalon and diencephalon
  4. rhombencephalon forms into 2 parts, metencephalon and myelencephalon
54
Q

what forms the brain stem and cerebellum

A

metencephalon, myelencephalon and mesencephalon

55
Q

what creates the brain stem and what are its functions

A

mid-brain, pons and medulla oblongata
controls involuntary movement and relays info to body

56
Q

what is the function of the cerebellum

A

coordinates muscle movement

57
Q

In the brain stem what part has the highest level of function

A

Mid-brain

58
Q

what does the diencephalon form and what is its function

A

thalamus, hypothalamus, epithalamus, and mammillary bodies
function: regulates homeostasis, alertness and reproductive activity

59
Q

what does the telencephalon turn into

A

the cerebral hemisphere

60
Q

gyri are …

A

little creases

61
Q

sulci are…

A

large grooves

62
Q

how do both sides of the brain interact

A

through the corpus callosum

63
Q

what does the frontal lobe do

A

movement, motor skills and cognitive function

64
Q

what does the occipital lobe do

A

process vision

65
Q

what does the parietal lobe do

A

process sensation of touch, pain and pressure

66
Q

what does the temporal lobe do

A

sort out certain auditory info including language

67
Q

what is the function of sensory function

A

sensory receptors that detect stimuli

68
Q

what is the function of motor function

A

carries out the responce

69
Q

what are the two categories of the PNS

A

somatic and automatic nervous system

70
Q

what are the two subdivisions of the ANS

A

sympathetic and parasympathetic

71
Q

myelin sheath

A

multi-layered lipid and protein covering that surround axons

72
Q

myelin

A

fatty substance produced by oligodendrocytes and Schwann cells

73
Q

Norepenephrine

A

have a role in regulating mood

74
Q

dopamine

A

very active in emotional responses and addictive behaviors

75
Q

serotonin

A

involved in mood, sleep cycle, appetite and sensory perception

76
Q

what forms the spinal cord

A

anterior median fissure, posterior median sulcus, central canal, and gray and white matter

77
Q

Anterior median fissure

A

very deep groove of internal spinal cord

78
Q

Posterior median sulcus

A

very shallow groove of internal spinal cord

79
Q

Central canal

A

tunnels through center of spinal canal; filled with CSF

80
Q

Anterior gray horns

A

gray matter of spinal cord containing somatic motor nuclei

81
Q

thermoreceptors

A

respond to change in temp.

82
Q

photoreceptors

A

react to light

83
Q

chemoreceptors

A

pay attention to chemicals

84
Q

mechanoreceptors

A

respond to pressure, touch and vibration

85
Q

nociceptors

A

fire only when pain is detected

86
Q

what are the steps of the reflex arc

A

1 - receptors sense a stimulus
2 - sensory neuron transmits signal up the PNS to the CNS
3 - integration center decodes the signal
4 - motor neuron sends directions back to the site of the stimulus
5 - effector cells respond by contracting and secreting

87
Q

innate reflex action

A

super fast motor response to a startling stimulus

88
Q

learned reflexes

A

come from experience

89
Q

afferent (sensory) division

A

collecting data and it to CNS

90
Q

efferent (motor) division

A

sends motor info to pns

Anatomy and Physiology (7 decks)

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