Test 2 Bones & joints Flashcards
What is endochondral ossification
when cartilage is gradually replaced by bone
all bones below the skull except the clavicles
what is intramembranous ossification
forms the cranial bones and clavicles
Describe the architecture of spongy bone
consists of plates (trabeculae) and bars of bone adjacent to small, irregular cavities that contain red bone marrow
describe the architecture of compact bone
consists of closely packed osteons or haversian systems, stronger and denser
what is the biochemistry of vitamin D
Vitamin D is a derivative of 7-dehydrocholesterol, also called ergosterol
what is the function of Vitamin D
help the body absorb and retain calcium and phosphorus
what is the role of parathyroid hormone in bone development and maintenance
enhances the number and the activation of osteoblast
what is the role of calcitonin in bone development and maintenance
lower calcium levels in your blood
what is the role of sex hormones on bone development and maintenance
regulating the growth of the skeleton and maintaining the mass and strength of bone
what is the role of growth hormones on bone development and maintenance
stimulates both the bone-resorbing and bone-forming cells to increase bone mass
why does osteoporosis occur
A decrease in estrogen in women at the time of menopause and a decrease in testosterone in men as they age
what are the treatments for osteoporosis
Bisphosphonates are usually the first choice for osteoporosis treatment
List the classification, location and variety of movements for the following joint
Gleno-humeral
ball and socket joint, shoulder joint
Movements: Flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, medial rotation, lateral rotation, circumduction
List the classification, location and variety of movements for the following joint
Humero-ulnar
Hinge-joint, found between the ulna and humerus
Movements: flexion, extension and circumduction
List the classification, location and variety of movements for the following joint
Femuro-tibial
plane joint, found in the knee
List the classification, location and variety of movements for the following joint
Acetabulo-femoral
ball and socket joint, located at the pelvic acetabulum and femur
Movement: flexion, extension, adduction and abduction
Ball and socket
type of synovial joint in which the ball-shaped surface of one rounded bone fits into the cup-like depression of another bone
Pivot
cylinder shaped bone that rotates inside another, forms a ring around it
Gliding
structure in the body formed between two bones in which the articular, or free, surfaces of the bones are flat or nearly flat, enabling the bones to slide over each other.
Hinge
type of synovial joint that exists in the body and serves to allow motion primarily in one plane
condyloid
composed of an egg-shaped bone known as a condyle that fits into a similarly shaped cavity
saddle
type of synovial joint in which the opposing surfaces are reciprocally concave and convex
Name the 3 cartilage tissues found in bones and what they are made from
hyaline, elastic and fibro-carilage
made from chondrocytes
What is hyaline cartilage and give an example
most abundant cartilage in the body, provides support
ex: costal cartilage
what is elastic cartilage and give an example
cartilage with abundant elastic fibers, only found in external ear and epiglottis
what is fibro-catilage and give an example
most resistant to compression and stretch
ex: discs between the vertebrae
what are the two ways cartilage grows
appositional and interstital growth
what is appositional growth
growth accomplished by the addition of new layers onto those previously formed
what is interstital growth
lacunae-bound chondrocytes divide and secrete new matrix expanding the cartilage from within
List the functions of the bones
support, protect, mineral support, blood cell formation, fat storage and hormone production
what is the axial
skull, vertebral column and rib-cage
what is the appendicular
the upper and lower limbs
what is found in the trabecular (spongy bone)
yellow and red bone marrow
What is the diaphysis
thick compact bone that surrounds the central medullary cavity
what is the medullary cavity
central cavity that contains yellow and red bone marrow
what is the epiphyses
the end of the long bone
what cartilage covers the joint surface on the epiphyses
articular cartilage
define the epiphyseal plate
hyaline cartilage at the junction of the diaphysis and epiphysis that provides growth
define the periosteum
double-layered connective tissue that covers and nourishes the body
define the endosteum
connective tissue membrane covering internal bone surfaces
where is red bone marrow found in adults
red bone marrow is found only in the flat bones and the heads of the femur and humerus
what are the 3 categories for bone markings
projections, surfaces and depressions
name the 5 major cells for bones
osteoprogenitor cells, osteoblasts, osteocytes, osteoclasts
define osteoprogenitor cells
active stem cells found in the periosteum and endosteum
define osteoblasts
bone-forming cells
define osteoclasts
responsible for remodeling, resorb or break bone the bone matrix
define interstital lamellae
lie between intact osteons, filling the gaps between forming osteons
define circumferential lamellae
located just deep of the periosteum, superficial to endostem
name the five zones of the long bone
resting zone, proliferation zone, hypertonic zone, calcification zone, ossification zone
what happens in the proliferation zone
cartilage cells are under going mitosis
what happens in the hypertrophic zone
older cartilage cells become enlarged
what happens in the calcification zone
matrix becomes calcified and starts to deteriorating; cartilage cells die
what happens in the ossification zone
new bone is being formed
what happens in the resting zone
area of cartilage that is inactive
what are non-displaced and displaced bones
nondisplaced - bone stays in the Original position
displaced - bone is out of normal alignment
what is a complete fracture and incomplete fracture
complete fracture - broken all the way through
incomplete fracture - not broken all the way
what is a open compound fracture and closed simple fracture
open compound fracture - goes through the skin
closed simple fracture - doesn’t go through the skin
what is a comminuted fracture
bone breaks into three of more pieces
what is a spiral fracture
ragged break occurs when excessive twisting forces are applied to bone
what is a depressed fracture
broken bone is pressed inward
what is a compression fracture
the bone is crushed
what is a epiphyseal fracture
when the epiphysis separates from the diaphysis along the epiphyseal plate
what is a green stick fracture
when only one side of the shaft breaks
list the stages of healing and brief description
- Hematoma forms - blood clots at the sight of breakage
- fibrocartilaginous callus forms - forms need blood cells
- bony callus forms - spongy bone is replaced
- bone remodeling occurs - healed fracture
what is osteomalacia
a disorder where the bones are poorly mineralized and become soft and weak, calcium and salts aren’t deposited correctly
match the following with the correct definition
- As the name suggest they are long
- thin, flattened, usually a bit curved
- complicated shape that doesn’t fit in any other categories
- roughly cubed shaped
5.short bones embedded in tendons, influences the action in muscles
a- sesamoid bones
b- long bones
c- irregular bones
d- short bones
e-flat bones
- B
- E
- C
- D
- A
