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Anatomy > Test 4 > Flashcards

Test 4 Flashcards

1
Q

What two systems work together to maintain HOMEOSTASIS against internal and external changes?

A

Endocrine and Nervous

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2
Q

What does the nervous system allow us to do?

A

Reason, conceptualize, and integrate information

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3
Q

nervous system is to ______ and the endocrine system is to ______

A

neurotransmitters, hormones

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4
Q

Functions of the nervous system include….

A

internal/external changes in the body, integrate, analyze, and store information within the central nervous system

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5
Q

What’s the path from sensory receptor to the effector?

A

Sensory input > integration > motor output

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6
Q

What does the Central Nervous System include?

A

Brain and spinal cord

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7
Q

What does the peripheral nervous system include ?

A

All nervous tissue outside the CNS

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8
Q

Sensory =

A

afferent

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9
Q

Motor =

A

efferent

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10
Q

Sensory impulses send impulses (in/out)

A

in

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11
Q

motor neurons send impulses (in/out)

A

out

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12
Q

Somatic Motor Division of the Nervous System

A
  • Neurons carry impulses from the brain
  • Connect ONLY with skeletal muscle
  • Stimulate muscle contractions
  • Voluntary
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13
Q

Autonomic Motor Division of the Nervous System

A
  • Neurons carry impulses from the brain
  • Connect with cardiac muscle, smooth muscle, and glands
  • Stimulate or inhibit
  • Automatic (involuntary)
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14
Q

Sympathetic Nervous System

A

Fight or Flight

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15
Q

Parasympathetic Nervous System

A

Rest or Digest

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16
Q

Characteristics of nervous tissue

A
  • Conducts impulses
  • Consists of two main cell types: neurons and neuroglia cells
  • Usually have star-like appearance
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17
Q

Neuroglia

A
  • Cannot transmit impulses
  • Can protects repair, regulate and aid neurons and neuronal impulse transmission
  • Can divide
  • Vary in shape and function
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18
Q

Most brain tumors are due to…

A

neuroglia

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19
Q

Which neuroglia cells are found in the peripheral system?

A

Satellite cells and Schwann cells

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20
Q

Satellite cells

A

Surrounds neurons cell bodies in ganglia; regulate O2, CO2, nutrient, and neurotransmitter levels around neurons in ganglia

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21
Q

Schwann cells

A

Surrounds all axons in PNS; responsible for myelination of peripheral axons; participate in repair process after injury; forms MYELIN SHEATH in PNS

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22
Q

Oligocendrocytes

A

Myelinate CNS axons, provide structural framework, forms MYELIN SHEATH in CNS

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23
Q

Astrocytes

A

Maintain blood-brain barrier; provide structural support; regulate ion, nutrient, and dissolved-gas concentrations; absorb and recycle neurotransmitters; form scar tissue after injury

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24
Q

Microglia

A

Remove cell debris, wastes, and pathogens by phagocytosis

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25
Q

Ependymal cells

A

Line ventricles and central canal; assist in producing, circulating, and monitoring cerebrospinal fluid

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26
Q

The central nervous system contains

A

Oligodendrocytes, astrocytes, and microglia

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27
Q

Myelinations makes fibers appear…

A

white

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28
Q

Myelination speeds up the…

A

rate of impulse conduction

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29
Q

Characteristics of neurons

A
  • Transmits impulses
  • Highly sensitive to external changes
  • High metabolic rate
  • Cannot divide
  • Show extreme longevity (100+ yrs)
  • Appear gray
  • Vary in size
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30
Q

Dendrite of neuron

A

Receptive region sometime forming free nerve receptors

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31
Q

Soma of neuron

A

cell body, has nucleus and nucleolus

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32
Q

Axon of neuron

A
  • Transmitting fiber

* May be myelinated or un-myelinated

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33
Q

White matter

A

Primarily myelinated fibers

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34
Q

Gray matter

A

Primarily neuron cell bodies and un-myelinated neurons

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35
Q

Synaptic terminal

A

Forms synapse

Releases neurotransmitter

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36
Q

Pathway of neuron transmission

A

Dendrites > cell body > axon > terminal boutons

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37
Q

bipolar neurons are in charge of …

A

special senses

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38
Q

pseudounipolar neurons are in charge of …

A

sensory impulses

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39
Q

multipolar neurons are in charge of …

A

motor neurons

40
Q

Neurons can be organized into smaller organized groups called…

A

neuronal pools

41
Q

Neuronal pools are identified by…

A

neural circuit

42
Q

Examples of neural circuit

A

Divergence, convergence, serial processing, parallel processing, reverberation

43
Q

Divergence

A

A circuit spreading stimulation to multiple neurons or neuronal pools in the CNS

44
Q

Convergence

A

a circuit providing input to a single neuron from multiple sources

45
Q

Serial processing

A

a circuit in which neurons or pools work sequentially

46
Q

Parallel processing

A

a circuit in which neurons or pools process the same information simultaneously

47
Q

Reverberation

A

a positive feedback circuit

48
Q

Reverberation

A

A positive feedback circuit

49
Q

Nerves…

A
  • contain neuron fibers

* Found in bundles

50
Q

Forebrain =

A

prosencephalon

51
Q

Midbrain =

A

mesencephalon

52
Q

Hindbrain =

A

rhombencephalon

53
Q

Forebrain contains which regions?

A

Telencephalon and Diencephalon

54
Q

Midbrain contains which region?

A

mesencephalon

55
Q

Hindbrain contains which brain regions?

A

Metencephalon and Myelencephalon

56
Q

the telencephalon contains which main brain structure?

A

cerebrum

57
Q

Diencephalon contains which main brain structures?

A

Thalamus and Hypothalamus

58
Q

Mesencephalon contains which main brain structures?

A

Cerebral peduncle and corpora quadrigemina

59
Q

Metencephalon contains which main brain structures?

A

pons and cerebellum

60
Q

Myelencephalon contains which brain structures?

A

medulla oblongata

61
Q

Dura mater

A
  • tough superficial layer
  • not attached to bone in spinal cavity
  • has two layers: endosteal layer (attached to cranium) and meningeal layer (deep)
62
Q

Arachnoid layer

A

• cerebral spinal fluid found within sub-arachnoid space

63
Q

Pia mater

A

• directly attached to brain and spinal cord

64
Q

cranial meninges

A

surrounds the brain and the spinal cord

65
Q

What are the three layers of the cranial meninges?

A

dura mater, arachnoid mater, and pia mater

66
Q

Cerebral Spinal Fluid

A
  • Protects, cushions, and nourishes the brain and spinal cord
  • Removes waste
  • produced by choroid plexus
  • Recirculated back into blood at arachnoid granulations every 8 hours
  • Found around brain/spinal cord and within ventricles in brain
67
Q

Smell Nerve Tracing

A

Olfactory receptors > olfactory bulb > olfactory tract > sensory cortex of cerebrum (Rats Bite The Squirrels)

68
Q

Vision Nerve Tracing

A

Light rays > cornea > anterior chamber > pupil > posterior chamber > lens > posterior cavity > retina > rods and cones > bipolar cell > ganglion cells > optic nerve > optic chiasma > thalamus > sensory cortex cerebrum > occipital lobe

69
Q

Facial nerve tracing

A

Gustatory receptor cells in anterior 2/3 of tongue > facial nerve > medulla oblongata > thalamus > sensory cortex of cerebrum

70
Q

Glossopharyngeal Nerve Tracing

A

Gustatory receptor cells in posterior 1/3 of tongue > glossopharyngeal nerve > medulla oblongata > thalamus > sensory cortex of cerebrum

71
Q

Vagus Nerve

A

Gustatory receptor cells in pharynx > vagus nerve > medulla oblongata > thalamus > sensory cortex of cerebrum

72
Q

Hearing - Cochlear Nerve Tracing

A

Sound > external ear > tympanic membrane > malleus, incus, stapes > moves perilymph in vestibular and tympanic ducts > vibrates vestibular and basilar membrane > vibrates spiral organ > tectorial membrane distorts receptor cells > cochlear nerve > thalamus > sensory cortex cerebrum > temporal lobe

73
Q

Equilibrium - Vestibular Nerve tracing

A

Hair cells in utricle, saccule, and ampullae > vestibular nerve > medulla oblongata > cerebellum

74
Q

Mechanoreceptor sensations

A

hearing, soft touch, and equilibrium

75
Q

Proprioreceptor sensations

A

position of body in space

76
Q

Chemoreceptor sensations

A

smell, taste, and pH of blood

77
Q

Thermoreceptor sensations

A

warm and cold sensation

78
Q

photoreceptor sensations

A

vision

79
Q

baroreceptor sensation

A

stretch of hollow organ or tube

80
Q

nociceptor sensation

A

painful sensation

81
Q

Cranial Nerves

A

Olfactory, optic, oculomotor, trochlear, trigeminal, abducens, facial, vestibulocochlear, glossopharyngeal, vagus, accessory, hypoglossal

82
Q

Acronym for cranial nerves

A

Old Owls On Tree Tops Are Forever Viewing Green Valleys And Hills

83
Q

Acronym for cranial nerves sensory/motor

A

Some Say Money Matters But My Brother Says Big Brains Matter Most

s= somatic m= motor b=both

84
Q

Olfactory nerve sensory/motor function

A 
Sensory = smell
Motor = none
85
Q

Optic Nerve sensory/motor function

A 
Sensory = vision
Motor = none
86
Q

Oculomotor Nerve Sensory/Motor Function

A 
Sensory = none
Motor = skeletal eye muscles and smooth eye muscles
87
Q

Trochlear nerve sensory/motor function

A 
Sensory = none
Motor = skeletal eye muscles
88
Q

Trigeminal sensory/motor function

A 
Sensory = general sensation from face, eyes, mouth
Motor = skeletal muscles of masticulation
89
Q

Abducens sensory/motor function

A 
Sensory = none
Motor = skeletal eye muscles
90
Q

Facial sensory/motor function

A

Sensory = taste - anterior tongue
Motor (somatic) = muscles of facial expression
Motor (Visceral) = salivary glands

91
Q

Vestibulocochlear sensory and motor function

A 
Sensory = hearing and equilibrium
Motor = none
92
Q

Glossopharyngeal Nerve Sensory/Motor Function

A 
Sensory = taste; general sensations from middle ear and throat; BP and gas content in blood vessels
Motor = swallowing muscles and salivary gland
93
Q

Vagus nerve sensory and motor function

A 
Sensory = general sensations from thoracic and abdominal viscera
Motor = thoracic and abdominal viscera; larynx and swallowing muscles
94
Q

Accessory nerve sensory and motor function

A 
Sensory = none
Motor = swallowing muscles, sternocleidomastoid and trapezius
95
Q

Hypoglossal Sensory and Motor Function

A 
Sensory = none
Motor = tongue muscles
96
Q

Flow of CSF Tracing

A

Anatomy (8 decks)

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