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A&P Fall '24 > Test 4 - (10/14) Cardiac Lecture 2 > Flashcards

Test 4 - (10/14) Cardiac Lecture 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Cardiac muscle is similar to _____ muscle, it works as a unit.

A

Smooth

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2
Q

Cardiac muscle cell:
Pink

A

Intercalated discs

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3
Q

Cardiac muscle cell:
Blue

A

Nuclei

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4
Q

Cardiac muscle cell:
Green

A

Myosin

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5
Q

Cardiac muscle cell:
Orange

A

Actin

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6
Q

Where are gap junctions in cardiac muscles?

A

at the intercalated discs

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7
Q

T/F. intercalated discs is a term that is specific to the heart.

A

True

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8
Q

What is the benefit of the intercalated discs being convoluted or curvy in cardiac cells?

A

Allows for way more gap junctions vs just a straight line.

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9
Q

Each cardiac muscle cell has ____ nucleus

A

one

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10
Q

_____ muscles are the only muscle cells that are have more than one nuclei

A

Skeletal

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11
Q

Sarcomeres in cardiac are most similar to _____ muscle cells

A

skeletal

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12
Q

_______ replace old cardiac cells that die.

A

Stem cells.

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13
Q

______ are cells that can lay down scar tissue

A

Fibroblasts

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14
Q

If cells are dying off fast and the stem cells are overwhelmed, _____ can go in and lay down scar tissue.

A

Fibroblasts

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15
Q

The rate at which fibroblasts lay down scar tissue is typically _______

A

controlled.

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16
Q

An example of when fibroblasts lay down excessive scar tissue is ____

A

CHF.

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17
Q

When fibroblasts lay down excessive scar tissue we have _____ action potential and _____ contraction of the heart muscle

A

No action potential
weak

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18
Q

Why do we give ACE inhibitors for CHF?

A

They block the RAAS system which is a grown hormone system that fibroblasts depend on, if it is blocked it will slow the fibroblasts down

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19
Q

Why don’t we use ACE inhibitors/ARBs during pregnancy?

A

The developmental process uses angiotenses 2 as a growth factor, if we take that away that can be a problem for growth and development.

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20
Q

The term that is used to describe the arrangement of the heart muscle.

A

Syncytial connection

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21
Q

In the ventricles we have _____ distinct ventricular layers and they are _______

A

two; oriented in different directions

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22
Q

The ventricles use what kind of motion to get the blood out?

A

twisting of the two layers. (wringing out a wet towel)

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23
Q

T/F: the ventricular layers are not connected electrically

A

false

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24
Q

Top half of heart refers to

A

Atria (L and R)

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25
Q

Lower half of the heart refers to

A

Ventricles (L and R) (everything below the AV node)

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26
Q

Heart is mainly made up of _______

A

muscle fibers/tissues

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27
Q

Why is the conduction tissue in the heart good at producing fast action potentials?

A

Because they lack myofibrils and all the extra shit that would slow it down. Less stuff=fast AP

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28
Q

The ______ tissue in the heart produces lots of force, while _____ tissue doesn’t produce much if any.

A

muscle
conduction

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29
Q

Name the different layers of the heart

A
  1. Endocardium (includes a single layer of endothelial cells)
  2. Myocardium
  3. Epicardium
  4. pericardial space
  5. parietal pericardium
  6. fibrous pericardium
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30
Q

Heart layers:
lime green

A

Endocardium

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31
Q

Heart layers:
Hot pink

A

Myocardium

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32
Q

Heart layers:
Orange

A

Epicardium

33
Q

Heart layers:
Blue

A

Pericardial Space

34
Q

Heart layers:
Darker green

A

Parietal pericardium

35
Q

Heart layers:
Purple

A

Fibrous pericardium

36
Q

The ______ is the most deep layer of the heart and has a single layer of ______ cells on top

A

endocardium
endothelial

37
Q

The ______ makes up the bulk of the muscle wall

A

myocardium

38
Q

Where do the major blood vessels sit in the heart?

A

On top of the epicardium

39
Q

The most superficial layer of the heart chambers

A

Epicardium

40
Q

______ sits just outside of the epicardium and is fulled with a small amount of fluid and decent amount of mucus

A

pericardial space

41
Q

What role does mucus have in the pericardial space? What would happen if we didnt have it?

A

Kinda acts like lube..reduces the amount of friction.

without it, it would be painful. like having a bad heart attack

42
Q

The _____ is the sac that encloses the heart. It is comprised of the ____ pericardium and the _____ pericardium

A

Pericardium.
parietal
fibrous

43
Q

The fibrous pericardium is similar to what in the CNS?

A

Dura layer

44
Q

The ______ pericardium is stiff like leather while _____ pericardium is stretchy

A

Fibrous
parietal

45
Q

Subendocardium

A

a muscle layer that is duper deep. within the deep parts of the myocardium or parts of endocardium.

46
Q

If we have an MI it will likely be in what parts of the heart? why?

A

in the deep parts bc the wall pressure is highest there

47
Q

Describe the H band in the cardiac sarcomere

A

There is no H band because the actin is overlapping.

48
Q

At rest the sarcomeres in the heart are _____

A

under stretched or not relaxed to an optimal degree.

49
Q

At rest, both the ventricular muscle and perkinje fibers are are slightly permeable to Na, but its not _____

A

Constant

50
Q

Purkinje fibers are the _____ fibers

A

conduction

51
Q

What is different about the shape of a cardiac AP compared to a motor neuron?

A

The cardiac AP has a plateau phase.

52
Q

In regards to AP, cardiac cells have the ability to ______

A

spontaneously depolarize

53
Q

Why is there a slight upward slope?

A

the resting phase isnt a flat line, has a little slope from the increased Na permeability at rest.

Na leakyness increases and the VRm becomes a little more postive as time goes by. (slight slope)

54
Q

The rate at which purkinje fibers have spontaneous depolarization is ______.

A

Very slow

55
Q

Describe the AP in purkinje fibers. Include spontaneous depolarization

A

Normally the neighbor has an AP and then it spreads to next cell.

We dont have spontaneous depolarization in purkinje fibers, but if we didnt get out AP from neighbor, eventually the cell will go from Vrm to threshold and have AP but there will be a long “lag” period.

56
Q

What would happen in regards to AP if we lose the top half of the heart or have complete heart block in the AV node.

A

we wont get any AP from upstream so ventricles will have spontaneous depolarization but it will have a long lag time.

57
Q

What is the threshold potential for our class for purkinje fibers and ventricular muscle?

A

-70

58
Q

How long could it take for spontaneous depolarization in the cardiac cells?

A

30+ seconds

59
Q

How does spontaneous depolarization work once we get the first AP?

A

It will still be slow but it wont take 30+ seconds between each AP, the first one takes the longest.

60
Q

What is the reflex for the manipulation of the eye socket?

A

Five and dime (V and X)

61
Q

What does the five and dime reflex do?

A
  1. (sensory) pressure is sensed in eye
  2. that is sent to CNS via cranial nerve 5 (trigeminal)
  3. then goes to brain stem
  4. message is sent via cranial nerve 10 (vagus)
  5. causes massive vagal output which prevents transmission of AP through AV node.
62
Q

the “big fat nerve on the side of your face”

A

CN 5 or trigeminal

63
Q

What would be an important consideration during preop for someone having an eye surgery?

A

Heart problems

64
Q

How many phases are in a cardiac AP?

A

five (4, 0, 1, 2, 3)

65
Q

What is the initial phase in a cardiac AP? Describe what is seen.

A

Phase 4. This is resting membrane potential and there should be a slight slope from Na coming in. (small amount)

66
Q

Ventricular AP: What is happening during phase 0?

A

AP from Na via gap junctions trigger opening of fast Na channels, they dont stay open for long, just gets us to the top of the AP.

67
Q

Ventricular AP: What is happening during phase 1?

A

Fast Ca current through T-Type Ca channels

68
Q

Ventricular AP: What is happening during phase 2?

A

Slow L Type Ca channels open

69
Q

Ventricular AP: What is happening during phase 3?

A

Repolarization- k channels opening back up. back to resting membrane potential

70
Q

What happens to K channels throughout the duration of a Ventricular AP?

A

There are lots of K channels. K channels close at the end of phase 0 and remain closed through phase 1 and 2. They start opening back up between phase 2 and 3 to reset itself.

71
Q

Neurons and skeletal muscles rely on what for AP?

A

Fast Na channels

72
Q

Why is the duration of the AP in cardiac muscles longer vs skeletal muscles?

A

Allows our heart to have a coordinated contraction

73
Q

Phase 2 of a cardiac AP will tell us what about the contraction of the heart?

A

The length of phase two is related to the length of contraction.

74
Q

K will always be ____

A

Outward

75
Q

Where do we have outward current for K in regards to cardiac AP?

A

At rest and during phase 3

76
Q

What role does Ca ionic current have in a cardiac AP?

A

Gives us extended plateau phase

77
Q

iNa+ , what does the ‘i’ stand for?

A

ionic current

78
Q

Ohm’s law

A

V=IR
voltage = current X resistance

79
Q

Ionic current will depend on what two things?

A
  1. How many ion channels are opened
  2. Electrochemical gradient of the ions

A&P Fall '24 (11 decks)

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