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A&P Fall '24 > Test 3 - 10/9 Lecture > Flashcards

Test 3 - 10/9 Lecture Flashcards

1
Q

Approximately ______ of body mass is attributed to skeletal muscle

A

40%

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2
Q

_____ is the largest contributor to body weight and volume in non obese people

A

Skeletal muscle

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3
Q

We use skeletal muscles for (3 things mentioned in class)

A

communication
body temp regulation
storage of glycogen

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4
Q

Skeletal muscles are _____ of the CNS

A

“Effectors”/neural targets

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5
Q

Skeletal muscles store energy as

A

Glycogen (lots of sugar molecules stuck together)

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6
Q

Where else in the body do we have large amounts of glycogen storage (other than skeletal muscles)

A

Liver

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7
Q

Ligaments connect (typically)

A

bone to bone

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8
Q

3 examples of ligaments

A

patellar/ACL/MCL

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9
Q

Tendons typically connect ______ to ______. Sometimes they can connect _____ to _____ via _____

A

muscle to bone
muscle to muscle
Intermediate

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10
Q

One example of a tendon

A

Achilles

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11
Q

A muscle cell is called

A

muscle fiber

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12
Q

A group of skeletal muscle cells

A

Fasciculus

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13
Q

A group of fasciculi make up a

A

muscle

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14
Q

The cylinders that make up muscle fibers are

A

Myofibrils

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15
Q

________ contain the contractile proteins (actin and myosin) of the muscle

A

myofibrils

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16
Q

We typically have ________ myofibrils per muscle fiber. If we have a larger muscle we could have _____ myofibrils

A

200+
Thousands

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17
Q

What is an example of when we would see fewer myofibrils

A

fine motor control.

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18
Q

The functional unit of a myofibril

A

sarcomere

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19
Q

Between two Z disks we have

A

A sarcomere

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20
Q

A motor unit is

A

A collection of one of more muscle cells (fibers) that are controlled by a single motor neuron.

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21
Q

How many skeletal muscle cells do motor neurons control?

A

can control just 1 or many

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22
Q

Fine motor control utilizes a ______ (small/large) motor unit

A

Small motor unit

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23
Q

It is easier to activate a ______ motor neuron. Activating a _______ motor neuron requires more energy

A

Small; large

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24
Q

Skeletal muscle is classified by the following names

A

Type 1 (Red/Slow) and Type 2 (White/Fast)

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25
Q

Type 1 skeletal muscle

A

Red muscle. slow twitch, lots of myoglobin and lots of mitochondria capable of long sustained work.

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26
Q

Why is myoglobin significant in skeletal muscles

A

its an iron containing protein that helps O2 unload from the blood into the muscle to the mitochondria to give us ATP

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27
Q

Why is there a red color in type 1 skeletal muscles

A

because of the amount of myoglobin

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28
Q

Type 2 skeletal muscle

A

White muscle. fast twitch, very little myoglobin, and less mitochondria. They are capable of high intensity shortly sustained work.

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29
Q

A bird that migrates of thousands of miles will have a breast muscle that is made of

A

Red (dark) meat, Type 1 muscle (slow)

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30
Q

On the island of Kauai there are many chickens that will fly a short distance onto your table and steal your food. Their breast muscle is made up of.

A

White meat, Type 2 muscle (fast)

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31
Q

The soleus muscle of the leg helps support your weight while standing without tiring. This is an example of

A

Type 1/Red/slow muscle fibers

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32
Q

The ocular muscle responds quickly and does not require stamina. This is an example of

A

Type 2/white/Fast muscle

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33
Q

The vast majority of your muscles are not easily separated into ________ an example being the gastrocnemius

A

Type 1 vs Type 2 fibers

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34
Q

The cell wall of a muscle cell is called the

A

sarcolemna

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35
Q

The fluid within the muscle cell is called the

A

Sarcoplasm

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36
Q

Specialized endoplasmic reticulum in muscle cells

A

Sarcoplasmic reticulum

37
Q

Sarcoplasmic reticulum is located

A

in proximity to the cell wall or the transverse tubules

38
Q

______ run perpendicular to allow AP to penetrate deep into the muscle fibers

A

Transverse Tubules

39
Q

The pattern/difference in color in skeletal muscles and cardiac muscles is called

A

Striation

40
Q

Thick filament of muscle fiber

A

myosin

41
Q

Thin filament of muscle fiber

A

actin

42
Q

Actin that wraps circumferential around the sarcomere is called a

A

Z disk

43
Q

There is one ________ on each end of the sarcomere

A

Z disk

44
Q

The portion of the sarcomere that has only thin filaments is called

A

I band

45
Q

The area of a sarcomere that has only myosin is called

A

H band/H zone

46
Q

The portion of the sarcomere with overlap of thick and thin filaments is called the

A

A band

47
Q

The border between two neighboring sarcomeres

A

Z disk

48
Q

Stretchy connective tissue that fastens the subunits of the sarcomere in place

A

Titin

49
Q

In the myofibrils we would expect to see many _______ to provide energy so that work can be done

A

mitochondria

50
Q

During a muscle contraction the portion of the sarcomere that doesn’t change length is the

A

A band (portion with actin AND myosin)

51
Q

During a muscle contraction the I band ______, the H band _____ and the Z disks _______

A

Shrinks; disappears; move closer together

52
Q

the process of a shortening sarcomere is called

A

The sliding filament mechanism

53
Q

The individual muscle fibers in a skeletal muscle span

A

From one tendon to the next (some can be very long)

54
Q

Skeletal muscle cells have mutliple

A

nuclei

55
Q

How do long neurons get proteins from the nucleus to the other end of the neuron?

A

Train track system. Load up the proteins and boot scoot and boogie it on down.

56
Q

Myosin filaments are long _____ of myosin molecules that are _________

A

strings
wrapped together at the tail

57
Q

There are _____ myosin molecules that make up each myosin filament

A

~200

58
Q

Each myosin molecule is made up of ______

A

6 chains

59
Q

Describe the 6 chains of the myosin molecule

A

2 heavy chains wrapped around each other in a spiral that make up the myosin tail and 2 sets of light chains on either side of the head.

60
Q

The essential light chains are located

A

on the periphery of the head of myosin

61
Q

The two regulatory light chains are located

A

deep to the essential chains on the myosin head.

62
Q

What is the difference in regulatory light chains in skeletal muscle vs smooth muscle

A

Skeletal muscle: don’t really do much for skeletal muscle

Smooth muscle: phosphorylation of the myosin heads

63
Q

Actin is made up of _______ strands called ______

A

2 strands called F-actin and tropomysin

64
Q

The myosin heads have an affinity to bind to

A

The active sites on actin

65
Q

The active sites of actin are located on

A

The F-actin strand

66
Q

Tropomyosin _______ the binding of F-Actin and tropomyosin

A

Inhibits/blocks

67
Q

The _______ helps displace tropomyosin to expose the active site of F-actin

A

Troponin complex

68
Q

The troponin complex is made up of 3 protein subunits labeled

A

I, T, and C

69
Q

the I subunit of troponin connects to ______ the T subunit of troponin connects to ______ and the C subunit of troponin connects to ______

A

Actin-F; Tropomyosin; 4 calcium molecules and subunit I and T.

70
Q

When activated the subunit C on the troponin complex does what?

A

Twists/manipulates the other two subunits I and T; displacing tropomyosin and exposing the active sites of F-Actin

71
Q

A myosin that is in the “ready” state is typically bound to

A

ADP and a phosphate

72
Q

Re-setting a myosin head that has contracted requires

A

ATP

73
Q

How should the myosin heads look in a skeletal muscle that is entirely healthy and is resting?

A

Cocked and ready to go with ADP and phosphate attached

74
Q

A myosin is ready to attach to an F-Actin active site. What is bound to the head and what happens throughout the contraction?

A

A ready myosin head is attached to ADP and a phosphate. When the head binds to the active site these are still connected. When it is time to contract, the phosphate is removed and the energy released from the dephosphorylation allows the head to “pull” on the actin.. This shortens the sarcomere. After the work has been done ADP falls off of the molecule that then needs ATP to reset and release from actin

75
Q

What is the reason rigor mortis sets in?

A

We need ATP to detach a contracted myosin head from actin. Without ATP, in such a case as cardiac death, the muscles are stuck in this contracted state that makes them stiff.

76
Q

What is the excitation-contraction coupling?

A

Starts off as end plate potential, turning into an AP, the AP liberates Ca from its storage areas inside the cell

77
Q

Where do we have DHP voltage sensors?

A

high density in our T tubules.
cell wall

78
Q

There is a physical coupling (latch mechanism) between the _____ and the ______ that releases Ca

A

DHP voltage sensor
Sarcoplasmic reticulum

79
Q

An exaggeratedly overstretched sarcomere cannot produce force. Why?

A

There is no overlap of actin and myosin and therefore they cannot interact.

80
Q

The optimal length for a sarcomere is approximately

A

2 micrometers

81
Q

A sarcomere that is already fully contracted has an action potential pass through it. What happens?

A

There is no force produced. The muscle cannot get any shorter

82
Q

Skeletal muscles need to be _______ to perform efficiently

A

stretched (optimally)

83
Q

An example of a muscle that is not optimally stretched at rest is ______

A

The heart

84
Q

A tendon that has been torn and then surgically repaired is likely _____ than it was before. Meaning the muscle that it is attached to is likely ______

A

Shorter; Overstretched

85
Q

The Length-tension relationship of the heart is called

A

Frank Starlings Law

86
Q

Tension developed by a contraction is called

A

Active Tension

87
Q

Define passive tension

A

The force that is utilized when stretching a muscle that is at rest.

88
Q

Active tension + Passive tension =

A

Total tension

89
Q

What happens in the heart when the sacromere gets overstretched?

A

Less force produced in L ventricle –> Heart failure

A&P Fall '24 (11 decks)

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