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A&P Fall '24 > FINAL. > Flashcards

FINAL. Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 3 main functions of the CV system?

A
  1. transport nutrients to tissues
  2. transport waste products away from tissues
  3. transporting hormones: signaling (ex. endocrine system)
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2
Q

vascular conductance is the _____ of vascular resistance

A

inverse

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3
Q

High conductance = ______ flow
Low conductance = ______ flow

A

high = high
low = low

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4
Q

How much blood is found in our veins?

A

64%

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5
Q

a system in series will have _____ resistance while a system in parallel will have _____ resistance

A

Series = High
Parallel = Low

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6
Q

The greater the cross sectional area, the ______ the velocity of blood flow

A

lower

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7
Q

the smaller the cross sectional area, the ___ the velocity of blood flow

A

higher

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8
Q

What are the high resistance vessels in the systemic circulation

A

Small arteries and arterioles (mainly arterioles)

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9
Q

When measuring blood pressure:
Proximal to the choke point the BP would be _____.
Distal to the choke point the BP would be ______.

A

Proximal: higher
Distal: lower

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10
Q

What is it called when we have nice orderly blood flow?

A

laminar flow

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11
Q

What is it called when we have disorderly flow..maybe due to a plaque build up.

A

turbulent flow

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12
Q

When looking at laminar blood flow, why does the blood in the middle of the tube flow faster?

A

the blood on the outside edges are making contact with the wall which is where the high resistance is

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13
Q

How much of our CO goes to the kidneys to be filtered?

A

~22%

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14
Q

How can we rearrange ohms law to figure out flow?

A

Flow = delta P / Resistance

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15
Q

True/false: If we constrict a vessel to half of its original diameter, we decrease flow by 16 fold

A

true

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16
Q

How can we arrange ohms law to solve for resistance?

A

Resistance = Delta P / flow

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17
Q

The drop in blood pressure that occurs between large arteries and capillaries is due to what?

A

mainly due to the increase in resistance and NOT due to the face that it has multiple paths to take.

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18
Q

if we have decreased total cross sectional area that would cause an _______ in velocity.

A

increase (think aorta)

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19
Q

what are capillaries responsible for?

A

exchange of nutrients and waste products

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20
Q

blood flow through capillaries is controlled by ______

A

arterioles

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21
Q

Why are arterioles good at managing blood flow?

A

bc they have a layer of smooth muscle associated with them

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22
Q

true/false: arterioles have two laters of smooth muscle fibers

A

false, roughly four

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23
Q

how many capillaries do we have in our body?

A

10+ billion

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24
Q

What is the total surface area of all our capillaries combined?

A

500-700 sq meters

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25
Q

The blood pressure associated with the arteriole end of the capillaries is _______.

A

30mmHg

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26
Q

The blood pressure associated with the venous end of the capillaries is _______.

A

10mmHg

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27
Q

The average blood pressure associated with the capillaries is _______.

A

17.3 mmHg

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28
Q

Why is the avg blood pressure in the capillaries 17.3 and not 20?

A

bc it starts small and gets bigger in diameter as it moves towards the venous end

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29
Q

Pcap

A

Art end: 30 mmHg
Avg: 17.3 mmHg
Vein end: 10mmHg

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30
Q

Pisf

A

-3 mmHg

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31
Q

Cap oncotic pressure

A

28 mmHg

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32
Q

Isf oncotic pressure

A

8 mmHg

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33
Q

What are the proteins associated with the Cap oncotic pressure

A
  1. Albumin
  2. Globulin
  3. Fibrinogen
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34
Q

What are the proteins associated with the Isf oncotic pressure?

A
  1. proteoglycan filaments
  2. Hyaluronic acid
  3. collagen
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35
Q

The lymphatic system can increase activity by ____

A

20-40X

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36
Q

True/false: If your capillaries become swiss cheese, the lymphatic system will rapidly reuptake the lost proteins.

A

false. its slow af

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37
Q

Kf is the capillary filtration coefficient. What does this look at?

A
  1. permeability
  2. surface area
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38
Q

In a normal 70 kg patient. How much plasma do we have?

A

3L

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39
Q

In a normal 70 kg patient. How much ISF do we have?

A

11L

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40
Q

In a normal 70kg patient. How much Intracellular fluid do we have?

A

28L

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41
Q

What kind of valves are in the lymphatic system?

A

one way valves

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42
Q

Where do the lymphatics empty?

A

into the subclavian veins on either side; R lymphatic duct, thoracic duct

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43
Q

What is the NFP in a capillary on the arteriole end?

A

10 mmHg

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44
Q

What is the NFP in a capillary on the venous end?

A

-10 mmHg (net reabsorption pressure = 10 mmHg)

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45
Q

What is the NFP in a capillary using the average bp in a cap?

A

0.3 mmHg (using 17.3)

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46
Q

True/false: NaCl is generally small enough to diffuse paracellularly

A

true

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47
Q

MAP in the renal artery

A

100 mmHg

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48
Q

Glomerular capillary pressure

A

60 mmHg

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49
Q

The afferent arteriole is important for

A

regulating renal blood flow

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50
Q

the efferent arteriole is important for

A

fine tuning GFR

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51
Q

If we have an increase in BP what will happen to the afferent arteriole? What will happen to the pressures and GFR?

A

It will constrict.
-decrease RBF
-decrease Pcap
-decrease GFR

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52
Q

If we have a decrease in BP what will happen to the afferent arteriole? what will happen to the pressures and GFR?

A

It will dilate
-increase RBF
-increase Pcap
-increase GFR

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53
Q

Normal GFR

A

125 mL/min

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54
Q

Autoregulation in the nephrons is meant to control what two things?

A
  1. Blood flow
  2. Filtration
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55
Q

True/False: Autoregulation in the kidney is just as tight as it is in the brain

A

False

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56
Q

If we have constriction of the efferent arteriole, what would that cause?

A

-decrease RBF
-increase Pcap
-increase GFR

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57
Q

If we have dilation of the efferent arteriole what would that cause?

A

-increase RBF
-decrease Pcap
-decrease GFR

58
Q

What is the oncotic pressure in the afferent art?

A

28 mmHg

59
Q

what is the oncotic pressure in the efferent art right after glomerular caps?

A

36 mmHg

60
Q

What is the oncotic pressure in the glomerulus

A

32 mmHg

61
Q

What is the Ptubule

A

18 mmHg

62
Q

What is the oncotic pressure in the tubule

A

0

63
Q

What is the NFP in glomerulus? what favors/opposes filtration?

A

10 mmHg
favor (Pcap: 60 mmHg)
oppose (Onc Cap: 32 mmHg & Ptubule 18mmHg).
60-18-32= 10

64
Q

How do we find the filtration coefficient

A

Kf = filtration rate/NFP
Kf = 125mL/min / 10mmHg
Kf = 12.5

65
Q

what is the Pcap at the end of the efferent art?

A

18mmHg

66
Q

What blood vessel segment has the highest amt of resistance in the kidney?

A

efferent art

67
Q

How do we know the efferent art has a greater resistance compared to the afferent art

A

It has a drop in Pcap of 42 mmHg.

afferent art: bp goes from 100 in renal art to 60 in glomerulus (drop of 40)
efferent art: bp goes from 60 in glomerulus to 18 at end of efferent art (drop of 42)

68
Q

Approx ______% of what is filtered gets reabsorbed

A

99%

69
Q

Oncotic pressure in peritubular caps

A

32 mmHg

70
Q

Pcap (peritubular cap)

A

13 mmHg

71
Q

Oncotic ISF (peritubular cap)

A

15 mmHg

72
Q

Pisf (preitubular cap)

A

6 mmHg

73
Q

what is the NFP at the peritubular cap? what opposes/favors filtration

A

-10 mmHg
favor: Pcap 13 mmHg, Onc ISF 15 mmHg
Oppose: Onc CAP 32 mmHg, Pisf 6 mmHg
13 + 15 - 32 - 6 = -10

74
Q

Excretion = what

A

filtration - reabsorption + secretion

75
Q

If the kidneys decide to filter more fluid at the glomerulus, how would it achieve that?

A

constriction of efferent art

76
Q

If we have increased filtration at the glomerulus what would happen to the oncotic pressure in glomerulus?

A

it would increase (become more concentrated)

77
Q

What is normal GFR?

A

125 mL/min

78
Q

Normal RBF

A

1100 mL/min

79
Q

normal RPF

A

660 mL/min

80
Q

normal FF (filtration fraction)

A

19%

81
Q

How do we find filtration fraction?

A

FF = GFR/RPF
FF = 125mL/min / 660mL/min
FF = 0.19 (19%)

82
Q

How to we find RBF

A

its just ~22% of our CO (1100 mL/min)

83
Q

How do we find RPF?

A

RPF = Plasma % * RBF
RPF = 0.6 * 1100mL/min
RPF = 660 mL/min
(if HCT is 0.4)

84
Q

in response to increased hydrostatic pressure the afferent art will ______

A

constrict

85
Q

in response to decreased hydrostatic pressure the efferent art will _____

A

dilate

86
Q

Constriction of either afferent/efferent art will do what to RBF

A

decrease

87
Q

normal UOP

A

1mL/min

88
Q

What is an example of something that is filtered and partially reabsorbed

A

Na

89
Q

Example of something that is filtered and completely reabsorbed

A

glucose

90
Q

example of something that is filtered and the completely secreted (nothing reabsorbed)

A

PHA (para aminohippuric acid)

91
Q

what is the innermost layer of the glomerular caps? what is special about this layer

A

endothelium
has fenestrations

92
Q

what layer in the glomerular caps comes after the endothelium? what is special about this layer

A

connective tissue called basement membrane. has neg charges to repel things that we dont want to filter like proteins

93
Q

what is the outermost layer in the glomerular caps

A

epithelium. made up of podocytes used for support due to the high pressure and has slit pores

94
Q

How are podocytes helpful particularly with chronic HTN

A

prevents swelling of glomerulus

95
Q

how does the kidney handle LT regulation of BP

A

through RAAS and fluid retention/secretion

96
Q

how does kidney regulate LT pH

A

short term pH regulator is lungs.
Kidney produces and reabsorbes HCO3 and can also excrete excess protons (H+)

97
Q

LT regulation of RBC by the kidneys

A

O2 sensor deep in medullary renal interstitum. if pO2 is low erythropoietin is released

98
Q

LT vit D regulation by the kidneys

A

Vit D is activated by the kidneys, vit d is important for ca reabsorption

99
Q

Drug clearance in kidneys

A

drugs metabolized in liver and the filtered/secreted by kidneys

100
Q

What do the kidneys have to do with the removal of metabolic waste products

A

gets rid of them. like nitrogenous compounds (urea)

101
Q

All of the regulatory roles of the kidney is primarily carried out by what?

A

GFR

102
Q

What are the more superficial nephrons

A

cortical nephrons

103
Q

what % makes up the cortical nephrons

A

90-95%

104
Q

what are the deep nephrons

A

medullary nephrons

105
Q

what % make up the medullary nephrons

A

5-10%

106
Q

What is the capillary bed that surrounds the tubules of the medullary nephrons?

A

vasa recta

107
Q

what is special about the vasa recta

A

has more ascending compared to descending

108
Q

with more split points that exist in the ascending vasa recta, flow velocity will be ______

A

decreased

109
Q

why is a decrease in velocity in ascending vasa recta helpful?

A

maintain normal concentration of solutes in the deep medullary interstitum

110
Q

what happens if the velocity in the ascending vasa recta is increased?

A

ends up washing out the interstitum and then that affects reabsorption

111
Q

True/false: the deep medullary is sensitive to low BP and has limited O2 delivery

A

true

112
Q

Where do the kidneys sit?

A

slightly below diaphragm

113
Q

What sits on top of each of the kidneys

A

adrenal glands

114
Q

The superior lateral side of the right kidney comes into contact with what organ?

A

liver

115
Q

the right kidney comes into contact with what organs

A

liver and colon

116
Q

the left kidney comes into contact with what organs

A

stomach, spleen, pancreas, and descending colon

117
Q

The top lateral side of the left kidney comes into contact with what organ

A

spleen

118
Q

green

A

zona glomerulosa

119
Q

where is aldosterone released?

A

from the zona glomerulosa

120
Q

blue

A

zona fasciculata

121
Q

pink

A

zona reticularis

122
Q

yellow

A

medulla

123
Q

what is released from the medulla

A

catecholamines

124
Q

what is released from zona fasciculata and zona reticularis

A

cortisol and androgens

125
Q

what is the ratio of epi:norepi

A

4:1

126
Q

blue

A

minor calyx

127
Q

pink

A

major calyx

128
Q

contact with liver:
red

A

liver (hepatic surface)

129
Q

contact with liver:
yellow

A

colon (right colic flexure surface)

130
Q

contact with liver:
blue

A

duodenal surface

131
Q

contact with liver:
orange

A

stomach (gastric surface)

132
Q

contact with liver:
purple

A

spleen (splenic surface)

133
Q

contact with liver:
pink

A

pancreas (pancreatic surface)

134
Q

contact with liver:
green

A

descending colon (descending colic surface)

135
Q

artery & veins:
light blue

A

interlobular

136
Q

artery and veins:
Green

A

segmental

137
Q

artery and veins:
purple

A

arcuate

138
Q

artery and veins:
orange

A

interlobar

139
Q

pink

A

renal artery. obvi

140
Q

dark blue

A

renal vein

(wow you’re literally so smart)

141
Q

Name the renal arteries in sequential order starting with the renal artery.

A
  1. renal art
  2. segmental art
  3. interlobar art
  4. arcuate art
  5. interlobular art
142
Q
A

A&P Fall '24 (12 decks)

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