test Flashcards
What period was ancient rome
700BC- AD400
What period was the middle ages?
1100-1500
What period was the renaissance?
1500-1700
What period was the industrial period?
1700-1900
When was the Bubonic/Black death?
1348
When was the Pneumonic/Great plague?
1655
When was the fabric of the human body published
1543
when was the Royal Society set up?
1643
When did Harvey publish his works?
1628
When did Jenner do his thang?
1796
When did Nightingale publish notes on nursing?
1852
When did Nightingale publish notes on hospitals?
1863
When was Germ theory published?
1864
When did pasteur do his chicken thing
1879
When did John Snow do his thing
1854
When was salverson 606 done
1909
When was prontosil done
1932
when did flemming do his thing
1929
when did watson and crick do their thing
1953
When was the NHS made a thing
1948
When was the National Insurance Act passed
1911
What is the approx time period for Ancient Rome?
700BC-AD400
What time period is considered the Middle Ages?
1100-1500 AD
What time period was the Renaissance?
1500-1700
What time period was the industrial period?
1700 - 1900
What did roman soldiers do in winter and summer?(Regimen)
- Eat as much as possible in winter, but drink little, wine bread and meat, but less veg-Drink more and eat less in summer, watered wine. Barley cakes, boiled meat. (Keeps body cold and moist)
What did roman soldiers do for exercise? (Regimen)
A walk of 2000 metres before sunrise, fast in winter and slow in summer
How did roman soldiers look after their face, hair and teeth? (Regimen)
Wash face with water, clean nose and ears with scented perfume, and teeth with peppermint
What would roman soldiers do before meals and why?
Long walks, to clear the body out
What are the four main tenets of ancient healing?
Training, Healers, Treatment, and cause of disease
Who cared for the rich in Ancient Rome?
Hippocratic doctorAscelepian priest
Who cared for the poor in Ancient Rome?
Local medicineFamily healerAscelepian priest
Who cared for soldiers in Ancient Rome?
Army hospitals and surgeons
Who paid doctors to treat the poor in Ancient Rome?
The government
In Ancient Rome, what was the the theory of opposites?
Based on the four humors, if you had too much black bile, you’d need to be sick, too much phlegm, you need to sneeze, too much blood, you need to bleed too much yellow bile, puke it up baby.
What is the name give to diet and exercise as recommended by Galen and Hippocrates?
Regimen
Who preferred to bleed out of the two major practitioners in Ancient Rome?
Galen, Hippocrates liked to not interfere with the body
Name some ancient roman treatments for ailments that are superstitious?
Praying to gods,Go to ascelepian priests to have your eyes licked by a snake.Charms
What remedies were made by local and family healers?
Herbal remedies based on honey and garlicSpitting on feetHot bathsEating cucumber if you’re too hotEating pepper if you’re too cold.
What is miasma?
Bad air from swamps. Bill maher believes this shite
What was the “dual approach” to cause of disease in Ancient Rome?
Praying to gods, as they were punishingAnd the scientific imbalance of humours
What are the four humours?
Yellow bile, black bile, phlegm, blood.
How were doctors trained in Ancient Rome?
-Reading books-Large group of apprentices shadowing senior doctors
True or false, being a doctor was a protected term in Ancient Rome?
False, anyone could be a doctor, even without training
What was the Hippocratic oath meant to do?
Restore faith in doctors
What is the Hippocratic corpus?
Collection of books by Galen
What did Hippocrates believe in?
-four humours-Hippocratic oath to prioritise patient-rejection of supernatural, and preferring natural remedies based on research, not guesswork-regimen of diet and exercise-clinical observation
What did Hippocrates think was the most important thing for a doctor?
To diagnose, and record; to record is to educate, as that would help to find suitable cures for future patients
What was Galen’s preferred method of healing?
Bleeding
What was Galen’s field?
anatomy
What was Galen’s primary method of distributing his ideas?
He was a showman, he would dissect pigs in front of large crowds to demonstrate his theories.
How did he Galen research?
Dissected animals, which meant some inaccuracies, as he applied animal anatomy to humans
What were some failings of Galen?
He thought the heart consumed bloodWhat he didn’t know, he made upThought there was a whole in brain for the soul, but this was to please the church of the time
What were some advances Galen made?
Popularised anatomyDiscovered brain controlled thought and and body, not the heart
What is meant by public health?
That measures are put in place by a government to look after the populace
Describe the process of a trip to the baths in Ancient Rome
Undressed -> hair plucked by slaves -> oiled and scraped with a strigil -> go in a spa or steam room -> got in plunge pool -> warm room to get dressed.
Three reasons Romans wanted good public health
Maintain strong and healthy armyKeep control of empireBelief that smell caused disease, cities grew so waste increased, increasing need for hygiene
Good points of roman public health?
Aqueducts carried fresh water into townsPublic latrines flushed into sewersProvided fresh water and public baths, called stewesRich had private latrines
Bad points of roman public health
Pipes were made of lead, which was poisonous Most couldn’t afford piped waterSewers needed water to be flushed out. Cause rather than prevented disease in dry seasonsReservoirs could become stagnantStreets were dirty
Roughly how many people used one public toilet in roman Britain?
20
What happened when the Romans left Britain in terms of public health?
People began throwing waste into guttersOpen sewers that carried waste into riversBath houses fell into disrepair Latrines over cess pits, these cess pits sometimes leaked into water supply
Name problems that shortened life expectancy in the Middle Ages (10)
- hard manual labour-long hours-work tended to be in awkward positions ie bending over-many people kept animals that could cause injury -problems in childbirth resulted in either child or mother dying-no doctors to help people injured whilst working-water was not fit for drinking-basic food lacked essential vitamins -often food shortages-cold/damp homes gave way to rheumatism and arthritis
Four things to know about the Black Death
Causes, symptoms, treatment, prevention
What did people think caused the Black Death? (6)
-Punishment from god-unbalanced four humours-miasma-outsiders -brightly coloured clothing -cats and dogs
What were symptoms of the Black Death?(5)
-sickness-spasms-bubous filled with pus-fever-bleeding under skin
How did people treat the Black Death? (5)
-prayer-bloodletting -herbal remedies-strapping toads and pigeons to the buboes-balancing four humours
How did people prevent the Black Death?(7)
-prayer-burn the dead-flagellation (self whipping)-charms-isolation-burning barrels of tar-smelling worse smells
What is flagellation?
Self whipping, punished by whupping rather than Black Death
What was the great plague?
1665 100000 people diedPneumonic
What was the Black Death
Bubonic in 1348
How had the streets improved from 1350 to 1700?
Open drains vs central drain which was cobbled or pavedPaving was poor in 1350, improved in 1700In 1700 coal added to dirt, but had to be swept upIn 1350 rakers
How had water supplies changed from 1350 to 1700?
In 1350 water was collected from rivers, kept in barrels which went stagnant In 1700 wells were dug, and rich could afford a reservoir which was stored in the basement, but still went stagnant
How had public toilets changed from 1350 - 1700?
Weren’t enough in 1350 and were emptied in streetsIn 1700 taverns were available to wee in, and “pissing places”
