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History (Alistair Mitchell) > Surgery (WIP) > Flashcards

Surgery (WIP) Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the main problems with surgery in the 1800s?

A

Pain, Infection and bleeding

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2
Q

Who first used ether in an operation?

A

William Morten

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3
Q

What were some negative effects of ether?

A

Flammable

Induced vomiting

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4
Q

What were some positive effects of ether?

A

Works for everyone
Relaxes muscles
Allowed for longer operations

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5
Q

When was ether discovered?

A

1846

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6
Q

Whats an anaesthetic?

A

A substance that induces insensitivity to pain

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7
Q

Which famous surgeon used ether in an operation?

A

Robert Liston

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8
Q

When was Nitrous oxide discovered?

A

1799

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9
Q

Who was NO^2 discovered by?

A

Humphrey davy

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10
Q

What were so disadvantages of NO^2?

A

short acting
doesn’t knock out
doesn’t work for all

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11
Q

What was NO^2 use before 1845?

A

recreational parties

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12
Q

what was the first NO^2 operation?

A

a failed tooth extraction by horace wells

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13
Q

Who discovered chloroform?

A

James simpson

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14
Q

When did james simspon discover chloroform?

A

1847

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15
Q

How was chloroform discovered?

A

James Simpson mixing chemicals together

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16
Q

what are some advantages of chloroform?

A

knocks people out for long durations
not flammable
not an irritant

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17
Q

what were some disadvantages of chloroform?

A

difficult to get precise dosage

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18
Q

what is an example of failed chloroform dosage?

A

Hannah greener (ingrown toenail removal gone wrong)

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19
Q

who popularized chloroform?

A

queen Victoria, bearing one of her children under chloroform (It was her 8th, Prince Leopold.)

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20
Q

Who invented a NO^2 inhaler to regulate dosage?

A

John snow

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21
Q

Why did some oppose painkillers?

A

interfering with gods work (pain of childbirth mentioned in the bible)

22
Q

What was the black period of surgery?

A

A period where the death rate rose as a result of anaesthetics (more complex operations were undertaken)

23
Q

When was the black period of surgery

A

1847-1867

24
Q

Who influenced the creation of antiseptics?

A

Pasteur and his germ theory

25
Q

Who discovered the first antiseptic?

A

Joseph Lister

26
Q

What was the first antiseptic?

A

Carbolic acid

27
Q

What was James Simpsons job and how does it relate to his discovery of chloroform?

A

James Simpson was a proffesor of midwifery at Edinburgh university. This meant he was exposed to the pain women went through while in childbirth, so he strived to find a painkiller for them.

28
Q

What wound did Joseph Lister first use carbolic acid on?

A

A compound fracture, as this is the most infected wound possible.

29
Q

Why did Lister not go out in public and explain his discovery?

A

He had a bad stutter when speaking in public and was condescending. He also constantly changed his method making people think he was doing stuff wrong.

30
Q

List the problems with carbolic acid

A

Cracked the skin
irritated eyes
made tools slippery
came in large jars that were heavy (usually the nurse would carry it)
expensive
nuisance, made the operation fiddly and last longer.

31
Q

What type of germ prevention is carbolic acid?

A

Antiseptic (killing the germs in the operating theatre/around the wound).

32
Q

What came after carbolic acid and who developed it?

A

The steam steriliser by Robert Koch.

33
Q

What is aseptic procedure?

A

Germs would be prevented from entering the operating theatre and being in there in the first place.

34
Q

How did surgeons do aseptic procedure?

A

They would steam sterilise tools. Wear operation gowns and clean their hands thoroughly. The operation would be done on a metal table, as they are easier to clean and sterilise then a wooden one.

35
Q

Who is always forgotten?

A

Ignaz Semmelwiess

36
Q

What was Semmelwiess’ job?

A

A doctor at the vienna general hospital.

37
Q

What did he recommend his colleagues do to save lives?

A

Wash their hands in chlorinated lime water every time they enter and leave a new surgical operation to prevent infection.

38
Q

What did this change bring the death rate down from and to?

A

40% - 3%

39
Q

Why was there opposition to Pasteur’s germ theory?

A

Couldn’t be possible because God. Surgeons did not want to accept that they might have been the cause of many of their patient’s deaths.People simply thought it was ridiculous that something that is 0.001mm small can cause disease.

40
Q

What did Semmelweis combat on his wards?

A

Childbed fever (septicemia)

41
Q

Name some positive effects on surgery due to war

A
  • Allows surgery to be practised
  • New injuries increases surgical developments
  • Leads to new inventions such as blood banks and X-rays
42
Q

Name some negative effects on surgery due to war

A
  • Disease spreads more easily
  • Overwhelming numbers of injures mean pressure on staff hence the end of developing medicine
  • Poor sanitation
43
Q

When was the first bloodbank used during the war?

A

Battle of Cambrai in 1917

44
Q

When was it discovered that there were different blood groups?

A

1901

45
Q

Who discovered different blood types?

A

Landsteiner

46
Q

When was the first blood clotting agent discovered?

A

1915

47
Q

What was the first clotting agent?

A

sodium citrate

48
Q

When was it discovered that blood could be stored if refrigerated?

A

1916

49
Q

Whats the name of the needle used to take blood?

A

hypodermic needle

50
Q

What was a quivk and easy way to stop blood loss?

A

a tourniquet or clamp

History (Alistair Mitchell) (4 decks)

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