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History (Alistair Mitchell) > Medicine > Flashcards

Medicine Flashcards

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1
Q

The romans believed in _______ and _______ compared to ______ and _________

A

Gods and spirits

science and medicine

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2
Q

What approaches did the romans have to curing ailments?

A

Visiting temples

sacred necklaces

spitting on possesed people

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3
Q

What was the dual approach to ancient medicine?

A

the religious (spiritual) approach and the scientific more natural approach

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4
Q

Who traditionally cared for the sick?

A

Mothers

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5
Q

What home remedies did the wealthy use?

A

Looked up remedies in a large book of home remedies.

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6
Q

What are some examples of herbal remedies used by the ancients?

A

Poppy seeds (opiate)

onion juice

valerian (not steel)

honey

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7
Q

what are some examples of supernatural remedies used by the ancients?

A

charms

praying

sacrifices

bathing and rest

asclepius (ancient greek god of medicine)

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8
Q

what was the cause of illness in the eyes of hypocrates?

A

Inbalance of the four humours

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9
Q

What were some of hypocrates ideas?

A

four humours

clinical observation

rejection of superantural theories

hypocratic oath (taken by doctors)

hypocratic corpus

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10
Q

When did hypocrates live from and where?

A

460BC-370BC

Greek island of Kos

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11
Q

What was the hypocratic oath?

A

The Hippocratic Oath is an oath historically taken by physicians. It is one of the most widely known of Greek medical texts. It requires a new physician to swear, upon a number of healing gods, to uphold specific ethical standards.

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12
Q

How many books in the hypocratic corpus?

A

100

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13
Q

Who came up with the Four Humours?

A

Hippocrates

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14
Q

What were the Four Humors?

A

Blood, Yellow bile, Black bile and Phlegm

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15
Q

If you are healthy what does that suggest?

A

That all the humors are balanced

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16
Q

What is the Hippocratic oath?

A

All doctors had to: doctors are not magicians, keep high standards, work for the patient, keep secrets and not to make themselves wealthy

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17
Q

What were the four clinical observations?

A

Record, observe, diagnose, prognose

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18
Q

What was the healthy regime?

A

Diet, excise, sleep and if it didn’t wok they would purge you to release access humour

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19
Q

How did Galen expand on Hippocrates theory?

A

Galen believed that the humours had to be balanced in order to prove you are healthy. Treatment of Opposites.

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20
Q

How would you balance the humors

A

e.g. if you had too much phlegm then you must take something hot= pepper

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21
Q

What did Galen prove when he operated on a pig

A

He proved that the brain controls our body by cutting the nerves in its back and the pig stopped squealing

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22
Q

What did Galen say about surgery?

A

“Physicians should find out as much as possible from the human body”

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23
Q

When did the Black Death strike in Medieval England

A

1348

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24
Q

What were 2 symptoms for the Black Death

A

Nose Bleeds

Buboes-humps on groin and armpit

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25
Q

2 ways people tried to treat the Black Death?

A

Herbal remedies

Head in foul smelling bucket of waste.

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26
Q

2 Impacts on the Black Death

A

1) mass graves, plague pits
2) Priests attempting to heal people

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27
Q

How much of Europe was covered by this plague

A

1/3

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28
Q

What were 2 things that people thought were the cause of the black death?

A

1) Jews
2) Humors were unbalanced

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29
Q

What was the period of the Renaissance

A

1500-1700

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30
Q

What group made majour breakthroughs during the Renaissance?

A

The Royal Society, set up in 1660

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31
Q

What was the main medical treatment during the Renaissance

A

The Four Humors and Bloodletting

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32
Q

What was the understanding of the human body before Vesalius

A

Basic understanding knowledge which Galen left

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33
Q

What did Vesalius prove wrong about the heart?

A

Galen’s theory of the blood flowing through invisible holes in the septum of the heart.

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34
Q

What did Vesalius discover about the breastbone and jawbone?

A

Jawbone, one part, not two.

Breastbone, three parts, not seven.

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35
Q

What was Vesalius book called

A

The Fabric of the Human body published- 1543

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36
Q

How many mistakes of Galens did Vesalius correct

A

200

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37
Q

What was one of the mistakes Galen had made

A

the Jaw bone is 1 bone not 2

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38
Q

How did Vesalius teach people about anatomy

A

He did public showcases to teach people anatomy for free

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39
Q

What was the date of the second plague during the Renaissance

A

1665

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40
Q

one way people tried to stop the disease from spreading was?

A

putting them into quarantine

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41
Q

How many people died from this plague

A

100,000

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42
Q

Who discovered about the circulation of the blood

A

William Harvey

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43
Q

Due to Harvey finding out about the circulation of blood and the heart. whose idea did this go against?

A

Galens theory of the brain being in control of the body

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44
Q

What date was Harvey’s book written and what was it name

A

1628, it was called: “An Anatomical account of the motion of the heart and blood”

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45
Q

Who was the physician who treated smallpox

A

Edward Jennar

46
Q

What did Jennar call his discovery

A

Vaccination

47
Q

What did Jennar observe in order to stop small pox

A

he observed milkmaids and how they got cowpox, which meant that they wouldn’t get smallpox

48
Q

Who did Jennar test his theory on

A

James Phipps

49
Q

How did Jennar prove his theory

A

By taking some cowpox out of a milk maids arm, called and inserted it into James Phipps arm

50
Q

What happened when Jennar inserted the smallpox into James Phipps

A

He did not develop the illness, he developed immunity to Smallpox

51
Q

Impact of vaccination

A

This was a way of stopping diseases like smallpox which took 100 years too get rid off

52
Q

Why did some people refused the idea of vaccination

A

Jennar did not now how vaccination worked and didn’t know what else it could do, hence side effects could be turning you into a cow.

53
Q

How did Florence nightingale change soldier care? (Nursing)

A

Cleaned soldiers, included comforts such as stump pillows and slings

54
Q

How did Florence nightingale change soldier care? (Hospitals)

A

Cleaned wards and lowered death rate

55
Q

What impact did she have on nursing and hospitals?

A

Less infection

reduced death rate

better quality nurses

better designed hospitals (wards)

56
Q

Who was Mary Seacole?

A

She was a ‘nurse’ who set up the “British Hotel” behind the lines during the Crimean War, which provided comfort for wounded servicemen on the battlefield. She also went out and performed care on the front lines

57
Q

Who was Florence Nightingale?

A

A British born rich girl who improved care for injured soldiers in Crimea.

58
Q

How was Seacole different from Florence Nightingale?

A

Hands on care

self funded

went to front line

close to patients

59
Q

Louis Pasteur discovered that germs were _______. He also discovered ______ killed bacteria

A

Airbourneheat

60
Q

He also made the link between _____ and ______

A

germs and disease

61
Q

He developed vaccines for ______ and ______ ______.

A

Anthrax and chicken cholera

62
Q

Pasteur came up with ______ theory in _____, but it was only proven and _____ in _____

A

germ

1861

accepted

1864

63
Q

Pasteur ceased his work from 1868 to _____ due to a _____

A

1885 stroke

64
Q

_____ ______ saw pasteur as a rival

A

Robert koch

65
Q

Koch discovered the _____ that caused anthrax

A

Microbe

66
Q

Koch discovered the ability to _____ bacterium

A

Dye

67
Q

Who funded kochs work?

A

the government

68
Q

How did pasteur conceive the concept of germs?

A

wine spoiling

69
Q

What sort of flask did pasteur invent to prove germs were airbourne?

A

Swan necked

70
Q

Pasteur has a process named after him, what is it and what does it achieve?

A

Pasteurisation is the boiling of a liquid to help preserve it (milk)

71
Q

Bazalgette designed and ____ Londons _____ which are still in use today.

A

builtsewers

72
Q

Who proved Cholera was water Bourne (pump map)?

A

John Snow (he knows nothing)

73
Q

When were the Chadwick health reforms?

A

1848

1875

74
Q

Farr tracked _____ and ______ rates to find the causes and patterns of ______

A

birth

death

diseases

75
Q

Which act advised local councils appoint a medical officer?

A

1848 public health act

76
Q

When was a health officer made compulsory?

A

1875

77
Q

The fist chemical cure was called a _____ _____

A

magic bullet (salverson606)

78
Q

What did pasteur discover?

A

Diseases and germs are airbourne

Made the linkbetween germs and disease (germ theory)

discovered heat killed bacteria

79
Q

When did he discover germ theory?

A

1861

80
Q

What factors can effect development of medicine?

A

Government

Individuals War

Religion

Science

Luck

81
Q

What did romans believe caused disease?

A

Gods. They believed they were sent as a punishment. they also believed in the four humours and miasma.

82
Q

Describe the four humours and how they can be treated.

A

the four humours: black bile, yellow bile, phlegm and blood. They could be treated by treatment of opposites or by purging.

83
Q

Who applied treatment in Roman times?

A

The asclepion was basically a church in that applied praying, eating and resting as methods of treatment, it did not admit infectious or incurable patients.

84
Q

How did the Roman’s treat diseases?

A

They used the treatment of opposites, visits to the asclepion (a healing temple) and use of herbal remidies

85
Q

Describe the public health systems of the Roman era.

A

Aqueducts carried fresh water to large cities. Water pipes carried water to fountains, public baths and houses of rich and powerful, everyone was entitled to water. Public toilets were provided and people often went to meet for a chat, sponges on sticks were provided to act as loo roll. sewers carried waste away from cities and towns and washed away into rivers.

86
Q

How were doctors trained?

A

They read books

87
Q

Why did the Roman’s invest in public health?

A

The Romans spotted the link between dirt and sickness, because towns were so crowded they risked epidemics if an illness was caught. They wanted to keep the population healthy so they had a healthy army to keep the empire healthy and prosperous.

88
Q

When was germ theory proven and accepted?

A

1864

89
Q

What was pasteurs pause?

A

When pasteur suffered a stroke (1868-1885)

90
Q

What vaccines did pasteur develop?

A

Rabies, Anthrax and chciken cholera

91
Q

What was Pasteurisation?

A

the heating of a liquid to kill off bacteria

92
Q

Under what context was the germ theory formed?

A

Pasteur working with wine sellers and them complaing that wine went off

93
Q

What was the swan necked flask?

A

A flask that had a neck like a swan and could preserve liquids due to the fact germs could not enter the container.

94
Q

Who was Koch?

A

A german doctor

95
Q

What did koch discover?

A

Microbe that casued anthrax

the ability to die bacterium

96
Q

Prontisil was _____ _____ chemical cure, compared to slaverson.

A

a better

97
Q

What was penicillin nickanmed?

A

the miracle drug

98
Q

who discovered penicillin?

A

Alexander Fleming

99
Q

what created demand for penicillin?

A

Worldwar 2

100
Q

who were florey and chain?

A

the people who pushed for mass production of penicillin

101
Q

when was penicillin first discovered?

A

1928

102
Q

when was penicillin mass produced?

A

1943

103
Q

what did penicillin cure?

A

blood poisening

104
Q

Which political party promised to solve the problem if elected?

A

Labour

105
Q

What is the NHS

A

National Health Service- free healthcare for anyone, funded by taxes

106
Q

When was the NHS implemented?

A

1948

107
Q

What prompted the creation of the NHS?

A

mass unemployment and high infant mortality

108
Q

What is DNA?

A

Deoxyribonucleic acid, a genetic code that is different with each individual

109
Q

Who discovered DNA?

A

Francis Crick and James Watson

110
Q

When was DNA discovered?

A

1953

111
Q

Who really discovered DNA?

A

Rosalind Franklin

112
Q

Who did Vesalius support

A

He supported Galen

History (Alistair Mitchell) (4 decks)

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