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pschology > Test > Flashcards

Test Flashcards

0
Q

The nervous system

A

A communication network consisting of the nerve cells(neurons) that carry messages both to and from the brain and spinal cord to other parts of the body

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1
Q

Neuroscientists

A

Study the Brian and the rest of the nervous system in hopes of gaining a better understanding of Normal and abnormal behavior ( consciousness, perception, memory, emotion, stress)

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2
Q

Nervous system functions

A
  • gather and process information
  • produce responses to stimuli
  • coordinate the workings of the different cells
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3
Q

Central nervous system

A
  • Brian (in the skull)

- spinal cord ( in the spine)

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4
Q

Peripheral nervous system (PNS)

A
  • located outside of the skull and spine

- sensory and motor nerves

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5
Q

CNS

A

Receives, processes, interprets and stores incoming sensory info

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6
Q

Spinal cord

A

A collection of neurons and supportive tissue running from the base of the brain down the center of the back

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7
Q

Spinal reflexes

A

Automatic require no conscious effort ( touching a hot stove )

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8
Q

PSN

A

Brings sensory information into the CNS and carries motor signals out

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9
Q

Somatic nervous system

A

Voluntary control of body movements ( nerves connected to sensory receptors and skeletal muscles)

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10
Q

Autonomic nervous system

A

Involuntary control of visceral functions ( heart rate, digestion, breathing )

  1. ) sympathetic nervous system
  2. ) parasympathetic nervous system
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11
Q

Sympathetic nervous system

A
  • Quick response, mobilizing system arousal
  • flight or fight
  • expend energy
  • thoracic and lumbar
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12
Q

Parasympathetic nervous system

A
  • Slowly activated dampening system relaxation
  • rest and store
  • conserve energy
  • cranial and sacral
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13
Q

Neurons

A

Specialized cells for the receptor, conduction and transmission of electrochemical signals

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14
Q

Glia

A

Cells that provide support,nurture, and insulate neurons, remove debris when neurons die, enhance the formation and maintenance of neural connections, and modify neuronal functioning

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15
Q

Sensory neurons

A

Carry incoming information from the sense receptors to the CNS

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16
Q

Motor neurons

A

Carry outgoing information from the CNS to muscles, glands and organs

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17
Q

Interneurons

A

Connect the 2 neurons

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18
Q

Cell body

A

Life support center

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19
Q

Dendrites

A

Receives messages from other cells

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20
Q

Axon

A

Passes messages away from the cell body to other neurons, muscles, or glands

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21
Q

Neural impulse

A

Electrical signal traveling down the axon

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22
Q

Myelin sheath

A

Covers the axon of some neurons and helps speed neural impulses

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23
Q

Neurogenesis

A

Production of new neurons from immature stem cells

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24
Q

Stem cells

A

Immature cells that renew themselves and have the potential to develop into mature cells

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25
Q

Neural plasticity

A

The Brian’s ability to change and adapt in response to experience, through neurogenesis, or by reorganizing or growing new neural connections
- Brian can recover from damage

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26
Q

Threshold

A

When the excitatory signals minus the inhibitory signals exceed a minimum intensity(threshold) the neuron fires an action potential

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27
Q

Action potential

A

Brief change in electrical voltage that occurs between the inside and outside of an axon when a neuron is stimulated
-creates an electrical impulse

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28
Q

All or non response

A

Intensity of an action potential remains same along length of the axon

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29
Q

Neurotransmitter

A

Chemical substance released by a transmitting neuron at the synapse and that alters the activity of a receiving neuron

  • neurotransmitter released by vesicles in the axon terminal
  • neurotransmitter enters synapse
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30
Q

Neurons communicate by:

A
  • Neurotransmitter binds to specific receptors on the post synaptic cell that it fits ( lock and key)
  • depending on the type of neurotransmitter, once it binds to the receptor it can have either and excitatory effect or an inhibitory effect on the postsynaptic cell
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31
Q

Acetylcholine

A

Neurotransmitter used by the spinal cord neurons to control muscles and by many neurons in the Brian to regulate memory

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32
Q

Dopamine

A

Produces feelings of pleasure when released by the brain reward system

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33
Q

Gamma-aminobutyric (GABA)

A

Inhibitory neurotransmitter in the brain

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34
Q

Glutamate

A

Excitatory neurotransmitter in the Brian

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35
Q

Norepinephrine

A

Hormones, fight or flight response

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36
Q

Serotonin

A

Mood, appetite, and sensory perception, pain pathways ,sleepy

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37
Q

Endocrine system

A

Release hormones into the bloodstream

  • secreted by glands that affect the functioning of other organs( regulating growth, metabolism, sexual development)
  • long distance messengers
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38
Q

Melatonin

A

Regulates daily biological rhythms

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39
Q

Oxytocin

A

Secreted by the pituitary gland; enhances uterine contractions during childbirth, facilitates ejection of milk during nursing

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40
Q

Adrenal hormones

A

Involved in emotions and stress ( cortisol, epinephrine and norepinephrine

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41
Q

Sex hormones

A

Regulate development and functioning of reproductive organs ( androgens, estrogens and progesterone)

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42
Q

Pons

A

Involved in sleeping, waking and dreaming

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43
Q

Medulla

A

Responsible automatic functions ( breathing and heart rate )

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44
Q

Reticular activating system

A
  • dense network of neurons

- arouses the cortex and screens incoming information

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45
Q

The cerebellum

A
  • regulates movement and balance
  • involved in remembering simple skills and acquired reflexes
  • problem solving and understanding words
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46
Q

Thalamus

A

-relays sensory messages to the cerebral cortex-includes all sensory messages except those from olfactory bulb

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47
Q

Limbic system

A

A group of brain areas involved in emotional reaction and motivated behavior

  • hypothalamus
  • hippocampus
  • amygdala
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48
Q

Hypothalamus

A
  • involved in emotions and drives vital to survival (hunger, thirst)
  • regulates autonomic nervous system
  • helps govern endocrine system (pituitary gland)
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49
Q

Amygdala

A
  • responsible for arousal
  • regulation of emotion, initial emotional response to sensory information
  • plays important role in mediating anxiety , depression, and emotional memory
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50
Q

Hippopotamus

A
  • storage of new information in memory
  • comparing sensory Information with what the brain expects about the world
  • enabling us to form spatial memories for navigating the environment
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51
Q

Cerebrum

A
  • largest Brian structure; 2 cerebral hemispheres connected by the corpus callosum( bunde of nerve fibers connecting the 2 cerebral hemisphere)
  • in charge of most sensory, motor , and cognitive processes
  • surrounded by cerebral cortex and collection of several thin layers of cells (gray matter)
52
Q

Occipital lobes ( contain visual cortex)

A

Contains visuals cortex

53
Q

Parietal lobes (somatosensory cortex)

A

Pressure , pain, touch, and temperature

54
Q

Temporal lobes ( auditory cortex)

A
  • memory , perception, and emotion

- left Kobe : wernicke’s area ( language comprehension)

55
Q

Frontal lobes ( motor cortex)

A
  • emotion, planning , creative thinking, and take initiative
  • left lobe: Broca’s area ( speech production)
56
Q

Consciousness

A

Our awareness of ourselves and the environment

- learning , reading , watching tv

57
Q

Biological rhythms

A

Periodic somewhat regular fluctuations in biological systems

58
Q

Internal rhythms

A

Endogenous

59
Q

External rhythms

A

Exogenous

60
Q

Circadian rhythms

A
  • once about every 24 hours

- sleep-wake cycle

61
Q

Infradian rhythms

A
  • occurs less frequently than once a day ( more than 24 hours )
  • women’s period
62
Q

Ultradian rhythms

A
  • occurs more frequently than once a day( shorter than 24 hours)
  • hormone fluctuations
63
Q

The body’s clock

A

• cicadian rhythm controlled by biological clock in Suprachiasmatic Nucleus (SCN)
- cluster of cells located in the hypothalamus
-regulates levels of melatonin secreted by pineal glad
~ melatonin induces sleep and helps biological clock keep phase with light and dark cycle

64
Q

Internal desynchronization

A
  • a state in which biological rhythms are not in phase with one another
  • changes in your normal routines can cause desynchronization
  • may occur in response to jet lag, rotating shift work
65
Q

Seasonal affective disorder (SAD)

A
  • controversial disorder in which a person experiences depression during winter and an improvement of mood in the spring
  • treatments may involve phototherapy or exposure to fluorescent light
66
Q

Premenstrual syndrome (PMS)

A

Vague cluster of physical or emotional symptoms associated with the days preceding menstruation that was labeled as an illness

  • cramps
  • irritability
67
Q

Unconsciousness

A

Lack of awareness of one’s surroundings or loss of consciousness ( sleeping and dreaming )

68
Q

Deep unconsciousness

A

Complete loss of consciousness

- anesthesia

69
Q

Altered states of consciousness

A

State of awareness that differ from one’s usual waking state ( hypnosis, drug use)

70
Q

Rapid eye movement

A

Characterized by eye movement, loss of muscle tone , and dreaming

71
Q

Non -rem sleep

A

Characterized by fewer eye movements than in REM

  • divided into 4 stages with different brain waves
  • relaxed brain associated with aloha waves
72
Q

Stage 1:

A

Feel on the edge of consciousness (alpha waves) light sleep

73
Q

Stage 2:

A

Presence of sleep spindles; minor noises won’t disturb you

74
Q

Stage 3:

A

Delta waves begin; breathing and pulse have slowed down; hard to be awaken

75
Q

Stage 4:

A

Delta waves predominant; deep sleep ; most likely stage for sleepwalking ( 30-40 min to reach)

76
Q

REM:

A

Increased eye movement, increased respiration and heart rate, loss of muscle tone , dreaming ( last on average of 20 mins)

77
Q

Why we sleep

A

• exact function of sleep unclear but allows for certain processes to occur

  • body eliminates waste products from muscles
  • repairs cells
  • conserves and replenishes energy stores
  • strengthens immune system
  • recovers abilities lost during the day
  • necessary for normal mental functioning
78
Q

Chronic sleep deprivation

A

Increased cortisol levels which can impair neurons involved in learning and memory

79
Q

Chronic insomnia

A

Difficulty falling asleep or staying asleep; about 10% of adults have this

80
Q

Sleep apnea

A

Disorder in which breathing briefly stops during sleep, causing person to choke and gasp and momentarily awaken

81
Q

Narcolepsy

A

Disorder involving sudden and unpredictable day time attacks of sleepiness or lapses into REM sleep ( can last 5-30mins)
-maybe caused by degeneration of neurons in the hypothalamus

82
Q

REM behavior disorder

A

Muscle paralysis associated with REM sleep does not occur , sleep (mostly males ) may “act out” their dreams

83
Q

Benefits of sleep: memory consolidation

A

Process by which the synaptic changes associated with the recently stored memories become durable and stable, causing memory to become more reliable

84
Q

Psychoactive drug

A

A substance that alters perception, mood, thinking, memory , or behavior by changing the body’s biochemistry

85
Q

1.) stimulants

A

•drugs that speed up activity in the CNS
-feelings of excitement, confidence , euphoria
- increased doses can result in jittering , anxiety, hyper-alertness, convulsions, heart failure , and death
Ex: nicotine, caffeine

86
Q

2.) depressants

A

-drugs that slow down activity in the CNS
• feel calm and drowsy, reduce guilt , anxiety and tension
•enhance activity of GABA
•very kings can result in irregular heartbeats, convulsions, death
EX: alcohol, tranquilizer)

87
Q

3.) opiates

A
  • drugs , derived from opium poopy , that relieve pain and commonly produce euphoria
    • can enhance transmission of dopamine
    EX: heroin, morphine
88
Q

4.) psychedelic drugs

A

Drugs that produce hallucinations, change thought processes or disrupt the normal perception of time and space
Ex: LSD , mescaline

89
Q

Anabolic steroids

A

Synthetic derivatives of testosterone that are taken by pill or injection; used to increase muscle mass and strength

90
Q

Marijuana

A 
Contains tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) related to mild euphoria , relaxation, intense sensations and reduced pain and various cognitive deficits 
- used medically to reduce nausea for chemo and seizures
91
Q

Physiology of drug effects

A

•psychoactive drugs produce their effects by acting on brain neurotransmitter

  • increased/ decrease release of NT
  • prevent reabsorption of excess NT
  • block effects of NT on receiving cells
  • bind to receptors that would ordinarily be triggered by NT
92
Q

Sensation

A

The detection, by sense organs, of physical energy emitted or reflected by physical objects
- Brian receives input from the sensory organs

93
Q

Perception

A

The process by which the brain organizes and interprets sensory information
- the brain makes sense out of the input from sensory organs

94
Q

Reception

A

Stimulation of sensory receptors by energy

95
Q

Transduction

A

Transforming physical energy into electrical energy

96
Q

Transmission

A

Delivering neural information to the brain

97
Q

Physical stimulus

A

•energy that produces a response in a sense organ

-light , sound , texture , odor

98
Q

Sensory receptors

A

Specialized cells that detect and convert physical energy in the environment or the body to electrical energy that can be transmitted as nerve impulses to the brain

99
Q

Photoreceptors

A

Light

100
Q

Chemoreceptors

A

Taste and smell

101
Q

Mechanoreceptors

A

Touch and pressure

102
Q

Thermoreceptors

A

Temperatures

103
Q

Nociceptors

A

Pain

104
Q

Electroreceptors

A

Electrical currents

105
Q

Magneto receptors

A

Magnetic fields

106
Q

Anatomical coding

A

Doctrine of specific nerve energies statuses that different sensory modalities exist because signals received by the sense organs stimulate different nerve pathways leading to different areas of the brain

107
Q

Functional coding

A
  • particular receptors fore or are inhibited in the presence of certain stimuli
  • codes relate to which cells , how many and the rate and pattern of firing
108
Q

Bottom - up processing

A

Taking sensory information, integrating it, and sending it to the brain for interpretation

109
Q

Top- down processing

A

Using models ideas and expectations to interpret sensory information

110
Q

Sensory adaptation

A

The reduction or disappearance of sensory responsiveness when stimulation is unchanging or repetitious

111
Q

Sensory overload

A

Overstimulation of the senses

112
Q

Selective attention

A

The focusing of attention on selected aspects of the environment and the blocking out of others

113
Q

Inattentional blindness

A

-failure to consciously perceive something you are looking at because you are not attending to it

114
Q

Hue

A

Dimension of visual experience specified by color names and related to the wavelength of light 400 nm- 700 nm

115
Q

Brightness

A

Lightness or luminance; dimension of visual experience related to the amount (intensity) of light emitted from or reflected by an object

116
Q

Saturation

A

Vividness or purity of color; dimension of visual experience related to the complexity of light waves

117
Q

Cornea

A

Protects the eye and bends incoming light rays toward a lens

118
Q

Lens

A

Becomes more of less curved to focus light on objects

119
Q

Iris

A

Gives eye it’s color

120
Q

Pupil

A

I round opening of the eye

121
Q

Fovea

A

Center of retina ( vision is sharpest here)

122
Q

Retina

A

Neural tissues lining the back of the eyeball’s interior , which contains the receptors for vision

123
Q

Rods

A

Visual receptors that respond to dim light

124
Q

Comes

A

Visual receptors involved in color vision

125
Q

Ganglion cells

A

Neurons in the retina , which gather information from receptor cells ( bipolar cells)

126
Q

Trichromatic theory ( young -helmholtz)

A

•theory of color perception that processes 3 mechanisms in the visual system , each sensitive to a certain range of wavelengths

127
Q

Opponent - process theory

A

A theory of color perception that assumes that the visual system treats pair of color as opposing or antagonistic

pschology (3 decks)

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