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Pschology > Final Exam > Flashcards

Final Exam Flashcards

1
Q

Memory processes involved:

A

Encoding
Storage
Retrieval

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2
Q

Encoding

A

Initial acquisition of information

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3
Q

Storage

A

Info stored for future use

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4
Q

Retrieval

A

Use of stored info

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5
Q

Sensory memory

A

Momentary storage of information less than 2 seconds

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6
Q

Sensory memory

A
  • iconic memory

- echoic memory

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7
Q

Iconic memory

A

Brief photographic memory

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8
Q

Echoic memory

A

Brief memory for auditory stimuli

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9
Q

Short term memory

A
  • brief duration 15-30 seconds
  • limited capacity
  • stored by meaning, not sensory stimuli
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10
Q

Working memory

A

Involves conscious, active processing of incoming auditory and visual spatial information, and of information retrieved from long - term memory

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11
Q

Automatic processing

A

Like space , time , frequency

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12
Q

Miller’s experiment

A

7+- 2 items ( or chunks of information)

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13
Q

Chunking

A

Meaningful unit of information that may be composed of smaller units

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14
Q

Rehearsal

A

Review of practice material while you are learning it; transfers material from short term to long term

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15
Q

Maintenance rehearsal

A

Rote repetition of material in order to maintain its availability In memory

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16
Q

Elaborate rehearsal

A

Association of new information with already stored knowledge and analysis of the new information to make it memorable

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17
Q

Deep processing

A

When encoding information, processing of meaning rather than physical or sensory features of stimulus

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18
Q

Mnemonics

A

Strategies and tips for improving memory, such as the use of a verse or a formula

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19
Q

Explicit ( declarative)

A

Memories that are conscious of “ knowing that”

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20
Q

Semantic memory

A

Memory for general knowledge and facts

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21
Q

Episodic memory

A

Memory for biographical details of our individual lives ( personal experiences and context they occurred in)

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22
Q

Implicit ( non - declarative )

A

Memories we are not aware of for the performance of actions of skills

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23
Q

Procedural (“knowing how”)

A

Memory for performance of actions or skills

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24
Q

Serial position effect

A

Tendency for recall of the first and last items on a list to surpass recall of items in the middle of the list

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25
Q

Primacy

A

Items presented early in a list are remembered better

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26
Q

Recency

A

Items presented late in a list are remembered better

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27
Q

Memory retrieval

A

Retrieval refers to getting information out of the memory store

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28
Q

Explicit memory

A

Conscious, intentional recollection of am event or item of information

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29
Q

Recall

A

The ability to retrieve and reproduce from memory previously learned material

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30
Q

Recognition

A

Ability to identify previously encountered material

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31
Q

Memory

A

Refers to the capacity to retain and retrieve information, and also to the structures that account for this capacity

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32
Q

Why do we forget?

A

An inability to retrieve information due to poor encoding , storage , or retrieval

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33
Q

Causes to forget:

A
  • brain never encoded it originally
  • processing in STM, no transfer to LTM
  • overload
  • forget insignificant things so we can remember significant things
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34
Q

Decay theory

A

Theory that information in memory eventually disappears if it is not accessed

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35
Q

Retrieval failure

A

Although the information is retained in the memory store, it cannot be assessed

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36
Q

Tip-of - the - tongue (TOT)

A

Retrieval failure phenomenon. Given a cue

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37
Q

Interference

A

Similar item interfere with one another

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38
Q

Retroactive interference

A

When recently learned material interferes with the ability to remember similar material stored previously

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39
Q

Proactive interference

A

When previously stored material interferes with the ability to remember similar, more recently learned material

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40
Q

Source misattribution

A

The inability to distinguish an actual memory of an event from Information you learned about that event elsewhere

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41
Q

Confabulation

A

Confusion of an event that happened to someone else with one that happened to you

42
Q

Flashbulb memory

A
  • memory about specific, important events
  • heightened emotions
  • vivid , virtual snapshot of event
  • consistency of details of these memories decreases over time
43
Q

Misinformation effect

A

Incorporating misleading information into ones memory of an event

44
Q

Personality

A

Distinctive and relatively stable pattern of behavior, thoughts , motives, and emotions that characterizes an individual

45
Q

Trait

A

A characteristic of an individual, describing a habitual way of behaving , thinking and feeling

46
Q

Sigmund Freud

A 
Clinical psychologist 
First comprehensive theory of personality:
1.) unconscious mind 
- motives and conflicts 
2.) psychosexual stages
3.) defense mechanisms
47
Q

Exploring the unconscious

A

A reservoir of mostly unacceptable thoughts, wishes , feelings, and memories

48
Q

Free association

A

Patients are asked to say whatever comes to their mind in order to tap the unconscious

49
Q

Dream interpretation

A

Interpreting manifest and latent contents of dreams

50
Q

Id

A

Part of the personality containing inherited psychic energy (libido) , particularly sexual and aggressive instincts

51
Q

Ego

A

Part of the personality that represents reasons , good sense , and rational self control

52
Q

Superego

A

Part of the personality that represents conscience, morality , and social standards

53
Q

Repression

A

Blocks anxiety-arousing thoughts, feelings, and memories from consciousness

54
Q

Projection

A

Leads people to disguise or try to repress their own threatening impulses or feelings by attributing them to others

55
Q

Displacement

A

Shifts sexual or aggressive impulses toward a more acceptable or less threatening object or person , redirecting anger toward a safer outlet

56
Q

Regression

A

Leads an individual faced with anxiety to retreat to a more infantile psychological stage

57
Q

Denial

A

Occurs when people refuse to admit that something unpleasant is happening , that they have a problem, or that they are feeling a forbidden emotion

58
Q

Oral

A

(0-18months)

Pleasure centers on the mouth -sucking , biting , chewing

59
Q

Anal

A

(18-36months)

Pleasure focuses on bowel and bladder elimination ; coping with demands for control

60
Q

Phallic

A

(3-6years)

Pleasure zone is the genitals ; coping with incestuous sexual feelings

61
Q

Latency

A

(6 to puberty)

Dormant sexual feelings

62
Q

Genital

A

( puberty on)

Maturation of sexual interest

63
Q

Oedipus complex

A

In psychoanalysis, a conflict occurring in the phallic ( Oedipal) stage , in which a child desires the parent of the other sex and views the same- sex parent as a rival

64
Q

Criticism of freud stages

A
  • scientifically untestable
  • welcomed women into psychoanalysis
  • homosexuality was neither a sin or perversion
65
Q

Collective unconscious

A

Universal memories, symbols , and experiences of humankind , represented in the symbols , stories and images that occur across all cultures

66
Q

Archetypes

A

Universal, symbolic images that appear in myths , art , stories , and dreams to jungians they reflect the collective unconscious

67
Q

3 scientific failings of psychodynamic theories

A
  • violating the principle of falsifiability
  • drawing universal principles from the experiences of a few atypical patients
  • basing theories of personality development on the retrospective accounts of adults
68
Q

Myers-Briggs type indicator

A

Assigns people 1-16 different types, depending on how the individual scores on the dimensions of introverted or extroverted logical or intuitive

69
Q

Objective tests (inventories)

A

Standardized questionnaires requiring written responses : typically include scales o. Which people are asked to rate themselves

70
Q

Core personality traits

A
  • extroversion vs. introversion
  • neuroticism vs. emotional stability
  • agreeableness vs atangonism
71
Q

Reciprocal determinism

A

Two-way interaction between aspects of the environment and aspects of the individual in the shaping of personality traits

72
Q

Non-shared environment

A

Unique aspects of a persons environment and experience that are not shared with family members

73
Q

Humanistic perspective

A

A psychological approach that emphasizes personal growth , resilience and the achievement through human potential

74
Q

Self- actualization

A

Striving for a life that is meaningful , challenging , and satisfying

75
Q

Unconditional positive regard

A

Live or suppose given to another person with no conditions

76
Q

Conditional positive regard

A

A situation in which the acceptance and love one receives from significant others is contingent upon ones behavior

77
Q

Diagnosing mental disorders

A

Amy behavior or emotional state that causes a person to suffer, is self - destructive ; seriously impairs the persons ability to work or get along with others ; or endangers other or the community

78
Q

Goals of DSM

A
  1. ) describe (400) disorders

2. ) determine how prevalent the disorder is

79
Q

Concerns about the DSM

A
  • danger of over- diagnosis
  • the power of diagnostic labels
  • the confusion of serious mental disorders with normal problems
  • illusion of objectivity
80
Q

Generalized anxiety disorder

A

Continuous state of anxiety marked by feelings of worry and dread , apprehension, difficulties in concentration and sign a of motor tension

81
Q

Post traumatic stress disorder

A

Anxiety disorder in which people who has experienced a traumatic or life- threading even has symptoms such as psychic numbing , reliving of the trauma and increasingly physiological arousal

82
Q

Panic disorder

A

An anxiety disorder in which a person experiences recurring panic attacks

83
Q

Phobias

A

An exaggerated, unrealistic fear of s specific situation, activity or object

84
Q

Agoraphobia

A

Set of phobias , often send off by a panic attack , involving the basic fear of being away from a safe place or person

85
Q

Obsessive -compulsive disorder

A

An anxiety disorder in which a person feels trapped in repetitive , persistent thoughts (obsessions ) and repetitive , ritualized behaviors ( compulsions) designed to reduce anxiety

86
Q

Behavior therapy

A

Exposure to anxiety - inducing stimuli

87
Q

Cognitive therapy

A

Change thought patterns and separate realistic/ unrealistic thoughts

88
Q

Medication

A

To restore chemical imbalances leading to symptoms

89
Q

Relaxation techniques

A

Breathing , exercise

90
Q

Depression

A

Mood disorder involving disturbances in emotion ( excessive sadness), behavior ( loss of interest in ones usual activities), cognition ( thoughts of hopelessness ) and body function (fatigue and loss of appetite )

91
Q

Bipolar disorder

A

A mood disorder in which episodes of depression and mania (excessive euphoria) occur

92
Q

Borderline personality disorder

A

Disorder characterized by extreme negative emotionality and an inability to regulate emotions

93
Q

Antisocial personality disorder

A

Characterized by a lifelong pattern of irresponsible , antisocial behavior such as lawbreaking , violence and other impulsive, restless acts

94
Q

Psychopathy

A

Fearlessness, lack of empathy , guilt , and remorse ; the use of deceit and cold-heartedness

95
Q

Dissociative identity disorder ( MPD)

A

Controversial disorder marked by the appearance within ones person of 2 or more distinct personalities, each with its own name and traits

96
Q

Psychosis

A

Extreme mental disturbance involving distorted perceptions and irrational behavior ; it may have psychological or organic causes

97
Q

Schizophrenia

A

Delusions, hallucinations , disorganized and incoherent speech , inappropriate behavior and cognitive impairments

98
Q

Schizophrenia

A
  • bizarre delusions
  • hallucinations and heightened sensory awareness
  • disorganized, incoherent speech
99
Q

Delusions

A

False beliefs that often accompany schizophrenia and other psychotic disorders

100
Q

Hallucinations

A

Sensory experiences that occur in the absence of actual stimulation

101
Q

Schizophrenia causes:

A
  • Brain abnormalities
  • drug use while a teenager
  • birth complications
    Biochemical factors - dopamine levels

Pschology (3 decks)

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