Final Exam Flashcards
(101 cards)
1
Q
Memory processes involved:
A
Encoding
Storage
Retrieval
2
Q
Encoding
A
Initial acquisition of information
3
Q
Storage
A
Info stored for future use
4
Q
Retrieval
A
Use of stored info
5
Q
Sensory memory
A
Momentary storage of information less than 2 seconds
6
Q
Sensory memory
A
- iconic memory
- echoic memory
7
Q
Iconic memory
A
Brief photographic memory
8
Q
Echoic memory
A
Brief memory for auditory stimuli
9
Q
Short term memory
A
- brief duration 15-30 seconds
- limited capacity
- stored by meaning, not sensory stimuli
10
Q
Working memory
A
Involves conscious, active processing of incoming auditory and visual spatial information, and of information retrieved from long - term memory
11
Q
Automatic processing
A
Like space , time , frequency
12
Q
Miller’s experiment
A
7+- 2 items ( or chunks of information)
13
Q
Chunking
A
Meaningful unit of information that may be composed of smaller units
14
Q
Rehearsal
A
Review of practice material while you are learning it; transfers material from short term to long term
15
Q
Maintenance rehearsal
A
Rote repetition of material in order to maintain its availability In memory
16
Q
Elaborate rehearsal
A
Association of new information with already stored knowledge and analysis of the new information to make it memorable
17
Q
Deep processing
A
When encoding information, processing of meaning rather than physical or sensory features of stimulus
18
Q
Mnemonics
A
Strategies and tips for improving memory, such as the use of a verse or a formula
19
Q
Explicit ( declarative)
A
Memories that are conscious of “ knowing that”
20
Q
Semantic memory
A
Memory for general knowledge and facts
21
Q
Episodic memory
A
Memory for biographical details of our individual lives ( personal experiences and context they occurred in)
22
Q
Implicit ( non - declarative )
A
Memories we are not aware of for the performance of actions of skills
23
Q
Procedural (“knowing how”)
A
Memory for performance of actions or skills
24
Q
Serial position effect
A
Tendency for recall of the first and last items on a list to surpass recall of items in the middle of the list
25
Primacy
Items presented early in a list are remembered better
26
Recency
Items presented late in a list are remembered better
27
Memory retrieval
Retrieval refers to getting information out of the memory store
28
Explicit memory
Conscious, intentional recollection of am event or item of information
29
Recall
The ability to retrieve and reproduce from memory previously learned material
30
Recognition
Ability to identify previously encountered material
31
Memory
Refers to the capacity to retain and retrieve information, and also to the structures that account for this capacity
32
Why do we forget?
An inability to retrieve information due to poor encoding , storage , or retrieval
33
Causes to forget:
- brain never encoded it originally
- processing in STM, no transfer to LTM
- overload
- forget insignificant things so we can remember significant things
34
Decay theory
Theory that information in memory eventually disappears if it is not accessed
35
Retrieval failure
Although the information is retained in the memory store, it cannot be assessed
36
Tip-of - the - tongue (TOT)
Retrieval failure phenomenon. Given a cue
37
Interference
Similar item interfere with one another
38
Retroactive interference
When recently learned material interferes with the ability to remember similar material stored previously
39
Proactive interference
When previously stored material interferes with the ability to remember similar, more recently learned material
40
Source misattribution
The inability to distinguish an actual memory of an event from Information you learned about that event elsewhere
41
Confabulation
Confusion of an event that happened to someone else with one that happened to you
42
Flashbulb memory
- memory about specific, important events
- heightened emotions
- vivid , virtual snapshot of event
- consistency of details of these memories decreases over time
43
Misinformation effect
Incorporating misleading information into ones memory of an event
44
Personality
Distinctive and relatively stable pattern of behavior, thoughts , motives, and emotions that characterizes an individual
45
Trait
A characteristic of an individual, describing a habitual way of behaving , thinking and feeling
46
Sigmund Freud
```
Clinical psychologist
First comprehensive theory of personality:
1.) unconscious mind
- motives and conflicts
2.) psychosexual stages
3.) defense mechanisms
```
47
Exploring the unconscious
A reservoir of mostly unacceptable thoughts, wishes , feelings, and memories
48
Free association
Patients are asked to say whatever comes to their mind in order to tap the unconscious
49
Dream interpretation
Interpreting manifest and latent contents of dreams
50
Id
Part of the personality containing inherited psychic energy (libido) , particularly sexual and aggressive instincts
51
Ego
Part of the personality that represents reasons , good sense , and rational self control
52
Superego
Part of the personality that represents conscience, morality , and social standards
53
Repression
Blocks anxiety-arousing thoughts, feelings, and memories from consciousness
54
Projection
Leads people to disguise or try to repress their own threatening impulses or feelings by attributing them to others
55
Displacement
Shifts sexual or aggressive impulses toward a more acceptable or less threatening object or person , redirecting anger toward a safer outlet
56
Regression
Leads an individual faced with anxiety to retreat to a more infantile psychological stage
57
Denial
Occurs when people refuse to admit that something unpleasant is happening , that they have a problem, or that they are feeling a forbidden emotion
58
Oral
(0-18months)
| Pleasure centers on the mouth -sucking , biting , chewing
59
Anal
(18-36months)
| Pleasure focuses on bowel and bladder elimination ; coping with demands for control
60
Phallic
(3-6years)
| Pleasure zone is the genitals ; coping with incestuous sexual feelings
61
Latency
(6 to puberty)
| Dormant sexual feelings
62
Genital
( puberty on)
| Maturation of sexual interest
63
Oedipus complex
In psychoanalysis, a conflict occurring in the phallic ( Oedipal) stage , in which a child desires the parent of the other sex and views the same- sex parent as a rival
64
Criticism of freud stages
- scientifically untestable
- welcomed women into psychoanalysis
- homosexuality was neither a sin or perversion
65
Collective unconscious
Universal memories, symbols , and experiences of humankind , represented in the symbols , stories and images that occur across all cultures
66
Archetypes
Universal, symbolic images that appear in myths , art , stories , and dreams to jungians they reflect the collective unconscious
67
3 scientific failings of psychodynamic theories
- violating the principle of falsifiability
- drawing universal principles from the experiences of a few atypical patients
- basing theories of personality development on the retrospective accounts of adults
68
Myers-Briggs type indicator
Assigns people 1-16 different types, depending on how the individual scores on the dimensions of introverted or extroverted logical or intuitive
69
Objective tests (inventories)
Standardized questionnaires requiring written responses : typically include scales o. Which people are asked to rate themselves
70
Core personality traits
- extroversion vs. introversion
- neuroticism vs. emotional stability
- agreeableness vs atangonism
71
Reciprocal determinism
Two-way interaction between aspects of the environment and aspects of the individual in the shaping of personality traits
72
Non-shared environment
Unique aspects of a persons environment and experience that are not shared with family members
73
Humanistic perspective
A psychological approach that emphasizes personal growth , resilience and the achievement through human potential
74
Self- actualization
Striving for a life that is meaningful , challenging , and satisfying
75
Unconditional positive regard
Live or suppose given to another person with no conditions
76
Conditional positive regard
A situation in which the acceptance and love one receives from significant others is contingent upon ones behavior
77
Diagnosing mental disorders
Amy behavior or emotional state that causes a person to suffer, is self - destructive ; seriously impairs the persons ability to work or get along with others ; or endangers other or the community
78
Goals of DSM
1. ) describe (400) disorders
| 2. ) determine how prevalent the disorder is
79
Concerns about the DSM
- danger of over- diagnosis
- the power of diagnostic labels
- the confusion of serious mental disorders with normal problems
- illusion of objectivity
80
Generalized anxiety disorder
Continuous state of anxiety marked by feelings of worry and dread , apprehension, difficulties in concentration and sign a of motor tension
81
Post traumatic stress disorder
Anxiety disorder in which people who has experienced a traumatic or life- threading even has symptoms such as psychic numbing , reliving of the trauma and increasingly physiological arousal
82
Panic disorder
An anxiety disorder in which a person experiences recurring panic attacks
83
Phobias
An exaggerated, unrealistic fear of s specific situation, activity or object
84
Agoraphobia
Set of phobias , often send off by a panic attack , involving the basic fear of being away from a safe place or person
85
Obsessive -compulsive disorder
An anxiety disorder in which a person feels trapped in repetitive , persistent thoughts (obsessions ) and repetitive , ritualized behaviors ( compulsions) designed to reduce anxiety
86
Behavior therapy
Exposure to anxiety - inducing stimuli
87
Cognitive therapy
Change thought patterns and separate realistic/ unrealistic thoughts
88
Medication
To restore chemical imbalances leading to symptoms
89
Relaxation techniques
Breathing , exercise
90
Depression
Mood disorder involving disturbances in emotion ( excessive sadness), behavior ( loss of interest in ones usual activities), cognition ( thoughts of hopelessness ) and body function (fatigue and loss of appetite )
91
Bipolar disorder
A mood disorder in which episodes of depression and mania (excessive euphoria) occur
92
Borderline personality disorder
Disorder characterized by extreme negative emotionality and an inability to regulate emotions
93
Antisocial personality disorder
Characterized by a lifelong pattern of irresponsible , antisocial behavior such as lawbreaking , violence and other impulsive, restless acts
94
Psychopathy
Fearlessness, lack of empathy , guilt , and remorse ; the use of deceit and cold-heartedness
95
Dissociative identity disorder ( MPD)
Controversial disorder marked by the appearance within ones person of 2 or more distinct personalities, each with its own name and traits
96
Psychosis
Extreme mental disturbance involving distorted perceptions and irrational behavior ; it may have psychological or organic causes
97
Schizophrenia
Delusions, hallucinations , disorganized and incoherent speech , inappropriate behavior and cognitive impairments
98
Schizophrenia
- bizarre delusions
- hallucinations and heightened sensory awareness
- disorganized, incoherent speech
99
Delusions
False beliefs that often accompany schizophrenia and other psychotic disorders
100
Hallucinations
Sensory experiences that occur in the absence of actual stimulation
101
Schizophrenia causes:
- Brain abnormalities
- drug use while a teenager
- birth complications
Biochemical factors - dopamine levels
