test 3 vocab Flashcards
Pericardium
a thin sac composed of a fibroserous material that surrounds the heart.
tougher outer layer of the pericardium
. fibrous pericardium it protects the heart and anchors it to the adjacent structures such as the diaphragm and great vessels.
Inner layer of the pericardium
serous pericardium.
2 layers of the pericardium
it is composed of two layers parietal and visceral.
- Parietal- outer layer
- visceral layer of pericardium- is the inner layer, which lines the surface of the heart.
Heart
is an intricately designed pump composed of a meticulous network of synchronized structures.
lines behind the sternum and typically extends from the second rib to the fifth space intercostal space.
Mediastinal space
where the heart sit. obliquely within the thoracic cavity between the lungs and above the diaphragm.
what are the 3 layers of the heart?
epicardium,-outer layer is anatomically identical to the visceral pericardium.
myocardium, -is the thick, muscular layer, is made up of bundles of cardiac muscle fibers reinforced by a branching network of connective tissue fibers called the fibrous skeleton of the heart.
endocardium,-inner most layer a smooth layer that provides an inner lining for the chambers of the heart.
4 chambers of the heart
two smaller superior chambers called atria
two larger inferior called ventricles.
right and left atrium
receiving chambers for blood returning to the heart from the major blood vessels of the body.
Apex
is the lowest superficial part of the heart.
It is directed downward, forward, and to the left, and is overlapped by the left lung and pleura.
Atrioventricular valves (AV)
Valves that separate the atria from the ventricles within the heart
Tricuspid
mitral
Systole / Diastole
S-The phase of ventricular contraction in which the ventricles have been filled, then contract to expel blood into the aorta and pulmonary arteries. This is also associated with the top number of a blood pressure reading
D-The phase of ventricular relaxation in which the ventricles relax and are filled as the atria contract. This is also associated with the bottom number of a blood pressure reading
Noonan’s syndrome
wide-set; accompanied by pulmonic stenosis (narrowing)
NVD (neck vein distention)
the jugular vein protrudes from the side of your neck
S1 S2 S3 S4
S1-The first heart sound (lub) is heard when the AV valves close. Closure of these valves occurs when the ventricles have been filled
S2-The second heart sound (dub) occurs when the aortic and pulmonic valves close, they close when the ventricles have emptied their blood into the aorta and pulmonary arteries
S3-ventricular gallop, when the AV open, blood flow into the ventricles may cause vibrations. during diastole
S4-caused by atrial contraction and ejection of the blood into the ventricle in late diastole atrial gallop
AV node (Atrioventricular)
Node, located in the wall of the right atrium, capable of initiating electrical impulses in the event of SA node failure; intricately connected to the bundle of His
SA node (sinoatrial)
The node located at the junction of the superior vena cava and right atrium that initiates the electrical impulse. PACE MAKER OF THE HEART.
Heart murmurs
harsh, blowing sounds caused by disruption of blood flow into the heart, between the chambers of the heart, or from the heart into the pulmonary or aortic systems.
Bundle of his, bundle branches, purkinjue fibers
Bundle of his- Nodes that are intricately connected and function to receive the current that has finished spreading throughout the atria
Bundle branches-Expressways of conducting fibers that spread the electrical current through the ventricular myocardial tissue.
Purkinjue fibers-Fibers that fan out and penetrate into the myocardial tissue to spread the current into the tissues themselves
Atria, Ventricles
chambers of the heart that receive and eject blood
Sternum, clavicles, xyphoid process
Sternum- The flat, narrow center bone of the upper anterior chest.
Clavicles- collarbone is a long bone that serves as a strut between the scapula and the sternum. It is the only long bone in the body that lies horizontally. It makes up part of the shoulder and the pectoral girdle, and is palpable in all people; in people who have less fat in this region, the location of the bone is clearly visible, as it creates a bulge in the skin
Xyphoid process-metasternum, is a small cartilaginous process (extension) of the lower part of the sternum which is usually ossified in the adult human
Cardiac cycle
describes the events of one complete heartbeat- that is, the contraction and relaxation of the atria and ventricles.
ECG
Electrical representations of the cardiac cycle are documented by deflections on recording paper
Stroke volume
The amount of blood that is ejected with every heartbeat
cardiac output
The amount of blood ejected from the left ventricle over 1 minute
Preload / afterload
preload- the amount of blood and stretching of the ventricular myocardial fibers.
Afterload- the pressure that ventricles must overcome in order to open the aortic pulmonic valvular cusps.
epicardium
The outer layer of the heart wall that is also called the visceral pericardium
Semicircular valves
Valves that separate the ventricles from the vascular system
pulmonary
aortic
Splinter hemorrhage
red lines in the nail beds associated with infective endocarditis, a condition caused by bacterial infiltration of the lining of the heart’s chambers. (smooking)
Bruits
A group of heart sounds that elicit a loud blowing sound. This is an abnormal finding, most often associated with a narrowing or stricture of the carotid artery usually associated with atherosclerotic plaque
Hypertension
high blood pressure
Systemic disease
one affecting a number of tissues that perform a common function.
Cholesterol / triglycerides
an essential structural component of animal cell membranes that is required to establish proper membrane permeability and fluidity. Cholesterol is thus considered within the class of lipid molecules.
Rheumatic fever
- is an inflammatory disease that may develop as a complication of a streptococcus infection, such as strep throat or scarlet fever (caused by Streptococcus pyogenes or group A beta-hemolytic streptococcus). If it does develop, it will usually do so two to three weeks after the Group A streptococcal infection.
- Rheumatic fever has the potential to cause heart failure, stroke and even death.
Congenital heart disease
Congenital heart disease is a category of heart disease that includes abnormalities in cardiovascular structures that occur before birth
Preeclampsia
a multi system disorder characterized by high blood pressure and significant amounts of protein in the urine of a pregnant woman. Associated symptoms can include abnormal maternal laboratory tests and intrauterine growth restriction.[1] If left untreated, it can develop into eclampsia, the life-threatening occurrence of seizures during pregnancy.
Dissecting Aorta (descending, ascending, abdominal)
serious condition in which a tear develops in the inner layer of the aorta, the large blood vessel branching off the heart.
Cyanosis
Bluish discoloration of the skin and mucous membranes caused by an excess of deoxygenated hemoglobin in the blood or a structural defect in the hemoglobin molecule.
Down syndrome
chromosomal abnormality
cocaine
”. It is a stimulant, an appetite suppressant, and a nonspecific voltage gated sodium channel blocker, which in turn causes it to produce anaesthesia at low doses.
Radiation pain
Pain perceived at one location that then extends to nearby tissues
Coronary arteries
Arteries are vessels that carry blood away from the heart. The coronary arteries are the first blood vessels that branch off from the ascending aorta.
Stenosis
is an abnormal narrowing in a blood vessel or other tubular organ or structure
VSD (ventricular septal defect)
Ventricular septal defect describes one or more holes in the wall that separates the right and left ventricles of the heart. Ventricular septal defect is one of the most common congenital heart defects
ASD ( Atrial septal defect)
is a form of a congenital heart defect that enables blood flow between two compartments of the heart called the left and right atria
Infective endocarditis
is a form of endocarditis, or inflammation, of the inner tissue of the heart (such as its valves) caused by infectious agents
