test 3 vocab

Question 1

Pericardium

Answer 1

a thin sac composed of a fibroserous material that surrounds the heart.

Question 2

tougher outer layer of the pericardium

Answer 2

. fibrous pericardium it protects the heart and anchors it to the adjacent structures such as the diaphragm and great vessels.

Question 3

Inner layer of the pericardium

Answer 3

serous pericardium.

Question 4

2 layers of the pericardium

Answer 4

it is composed of two layers parietal and visceral.

• Parietal- outer layer
• visceral layer of pericardium- is the inner layer, which lines the surface of the heart.

Question 5

Heart

Answer 5

is an intricately designed pump composed of a meticulous network of synchronized structures.
lines behind the sternum and typically extends from the second rib to the fifth space intercostal space.

Question 6

Mediastinal space

Answer 6

where the heart sit. obliquely within the thoracic cavity between the lungs and above the diaphragm.

Question 7

what are the 3 layers of the heart?

Answer 7

epicardium,-outer layer is anatomically identical to the visceral pericardium.

myocardium, -is the thick, muscular layer, is made up of bundles of cardiac muscle fibers reinforced by a branching network of connective tissue fibers called the fibrous skeleton of the heart.

endocardium,-inner most layer a smooth layer that provides an inner lining for the chambers of the heart.

Question 8

4 chambers of the heart

Answer 8

two smaller superior chambers called atria

two larger inferior called ventricles.

Question 9

right and left atrium

Answer 9

receiving chambers for blood returning to the heart from the major blood vessels of the body.

Question 10

Apex

Answer 10

is the lowest superficial part of the heart.

It is directed downward, forward, and to the left, and is overlapped by the left lung and pleura.

Question 11

Atrioventricular valves (AV)

Answer 11

Valves that separate the atria from the ventricles within the heart
Tricuspid
mitral

Question 12

Systole / Diastole

Answer 12

S-The phase of ventricular contraction in which the ventricles have been filled, then contract to expel blood into the aorta and pulmonary arteries. This is also associated with the top number of a blood pressure reading

D-The phase of ventricular relaxation in which the ventricles relax and are filled as the atria contract. This is also associated with the bottom number of a blood pressure reading

Question 13

Noonan’s syndrome

Answer 13

wide-set; accompanied by pulmonic stenosis (narrowing)

Question 14

NVD (neck vein distention)

Answer 14

the jugular vein protrudes from the side of your neck

Question 15

S1 S2 S3 S4

Answer 15

S1-The first heart sound (lub) is heard when the AV valves close. Closure of these valves occurs when the ventricles have been filled
S2-The second heart sound (dub) occurs when the aortic and pulmonic valves close, they close when the ventricles have emptied their blood into the aorta and pulmonary arteries
S3-ventricular gallop, when the AV open, blood flow into the ventricles may cause vibrations. during diastole
S4-caused by atrial contraction and ejection of the blood into the ventricle in late diastole atrial gallop

Question 16

AV node (Atrioventricular)

Answer 16

Node, located in the wall of the right atrium, capable of initiating electrical impulses in the event of SA node failure; intricately connected to the bundle of His

Question 17

SA node (sinoatrial)

Answer 17

The node located at the junction of the superior vena cava and right atrium that initiates the electrical impulse. PACE MAKER OF THE HEART.

Question 18

Heart murmurs

Answer 18

harsh, blowing sounds caused by disruption of blood flow into the heart, between the chambers of the heart, or from the heart into the pulmonary or aortic systems.

Question 19

Bundle of his, bundle branches, purkinjue fibers

Answer 19

Bundle of his- Nodes that are intricately connected and function to receive the current that has finished spreading throughout the atria
Bundle branches-Expressways of conducting fibers that spread the electrical current through the ventricular myocardial tissue.
Purkinjue fibers-Fibers that fan out and penetrate into the myocardial tissue to spread the current into the tissues themselves

Question 20

Atria, Ventricles

Answer 20

chambers of the heart that receive and eject blood

Question 21

Sternum, clavicles, xyphoid process

Answer 21

Sternum- The flat, narrow center bone of the upper anterior chest.
Clavicles- collarbone is a long bone that serves as a strut between the scapula and the sternum. It is the only long bone in the body that lies horizontally. It makes up part of the shoulder and the pectoral girdle, and is palpable in all people; in people who have less fat in this region, the location of the bone is clearly visible, as it creates a bulge in the skin
Xyphoid process-metasternum, is a small cartilaginous process (extension) of the lower part of the sternum which is usually ossified in the adult human

Question 22

Cardiac cycle

Answer 22

describes the events of one complete heartbeat- that is, the contraction and relaxation of the atria and ventricles.

Question 23

ECG

Answer 23

Electrical representations of the cardiac cycle are documented by deflections on recording paper

Question 24

Stroke volume

Answer 24

The amount of blood that is ejected with every heartbeat

Question 25

cardiac output

Answer 25

The amount of blood ejected from the left ventricle over 1 minute

Question 26

Preload / afterload

Answer 26

preload- the amount of blood and stretching of the ventricular myocardial fibers.
Afterload- the pressure that ventricles must overcome in order to open the aortic pulmonic valvular cusps.

Question 27

epicardium

Answer 27

The outer layer of the heart wall that is also called the visceral pericardium

Question 28

Semicircular valves

Answer 28

Valves that separate the ventricles from the vascular system
pulmonary
aortic

Question 29

Splinter hemorrhage

Answer 29

red lines in the nail beds associated with infective endocarditis, a condition caused by bacterial infiltration of the lining of the heart’s chambers. (smooking)

Question 30

Bruits

Answer 30

A group of heart sounds that elicit a loud blowing sound. This is an abnormal finding, most often associated with a narrowing or stricture of the carotid artery usually associated with atherosclerotic plaque

Question 31

Hypertension

Answer 31

high blood pressure

Question 32

Systemic disease

Answer 32

one affecting a number of tissues that perform a common function.

Question 33

Cholesterol / triglycerides

Answer 33

an essential structural component of animal cell membranes that is required to establish proper membrane permeability and fluidity. Cholesterol is thus considered within the class of lipid molecules.

Question 34

Rheumatic fever

Answer 34

• is an inflammatory disease that may develop as a complication of a streptococcus infection, such as strep throat or scarlet fever (caused by Streptococcus pyogenes or group A beta-hemolytic streptococcus). If it does develop, it will usually do so two to three weeks after the Group A streptococcal infection.
• Rheumatic fever has the potential to cause heart failure, stroke and even death.

Question 35

Congenital heart disease

Answer 35

Congenital heart disease is a category of heart disease that includes abnormalities in cardiovascular structures that occur before birth

Question 36

Preeclampsia

Answer 36

a multi system disorder characterized by high blood pressure and significant amounts of protein in the urine of a pregnant woman. Associated symptoms can include abnormal maternal laboratory tests and intrauterine growth restriction.[1] If left untreated, it can develop into eclampsia, the life-threatening occurrence of seizures during pregnancy.

Question 37

Dissecting Aorta (descending, ascending, abdominal)

Answer 37

serious condition in which a tear develops in the inner layer of the aorta, the large blood vessel branching off the heart.

Question 38

Cyanosis

Answer 38

Bluish discoloration of the skin and mucous membranes caused by an excess of deoxygenated hemoglobin in the blood or a structural defect in the hemoglobin molecule.

Question 39

Down syndrome

Answer 39

chromosomal abnormality

Question 40

cocaine

Answer 40

”. It is a stimulant, an appetite suppressant, and a nonspecific voltage gated sodium channel blocker, which in turn causes it to produce anaesthesia at low doses.

Question 41

Radiation pain

Answer 41

Pain perceived at one location that then extends to nearby tissues

Question 42

Coronary arteries

Answer 42

Arteries are vessels that carry blood away from the heart. The coronary arteries are the first blood vessels that branch off from the ascending aorta.

Question 43

Stenosis

Answer 43

is an abnormal narrowing in a blood vessel or other tubular organ or structure

Question 44

VSD (ventricular septal defect)

Answer 44

Ventricular septal defect describes one or more holes in the wall that separates the right and left ventricles of the heart. Ventricular septal defect is one of the most common congenital heart defects

Question 45

ASD ( Atrial septal defect)

Answer 45

is a form of a congenital heart defect that enables blood flow between two compartments of the heart called the left and right atria

Question 46

Infective endocarditis

Answer 46

is a form of endocarditis, or inflammation, of the inner tissue of the heart (such as its valves) caused by infectious agents