chapter 11

Question 1

Turgor

Answer 1

Skin turgor is the skin’s ability to change shape and return to normal (elasticity)
- it usually decreases with age as the skin loses collagen and elastin fibers.
tenting might decrease in a patient who is dehydrated.

Question 2

Cultural and Environmental Factors

Answer 2

• job depending on socioeconomic status and living situation.
• skin color
• calluses

Question 3

Skin cancers

Answer 3

• basal cell carcinoma
• squamous cell carcinoma
• malignant melanoma
• kaposi’s sarcoma

Question 4

-basal cell carcinoma

Answer 4

• least malignant type of cancer.
• proliferation of the cells of the stratum basale into the dermis and subcutaneous tissue.
• begin as shiny papules that develop central ulcers with rounded, pearly edges.
• caused by exposure to the sun.

Question 5

-squamous cell carcinoma

Answer 5

• arises from the cells of the stratum spinosum.
• starts as a reddened, scaly papule and then forms a shallow ulcer with a clearly delineated, elevated border.
• commonly appears on the scalp, ears, back of the hands, and lower lip and is thought to be caused by exposure to the sun. it grows rapidly. MOST AGGRESSIVE

Question 6

-malignant melanoma

Answer 6

• least common, but most serious
• spreads rapidly to lymph and blood vessels
• pigmentation from black to brown to blue or red.
• irregular with notched boarders and the diameter is greater than 6mm.

Question 7

-kaposi’s sarcoma

Answer 7

• malignant tumor of the epidermis and internal epithelial tissues
• lesions are typically soft, blue to purple and painless
• COMMON IN PEOPLE WITH HIV, AIDS.

Question 8

nail clubbing

Answer 8

in clubbing , the nail appears more convex and wide. the nail angle is greater than 160 degrees. it occurs in chronic respiratory and cardiac conditions in which oxygen is compromised.

Question 9

spoon nails

Answer 9

concavity and thinning of the nails, spoon nails are commonly a congenital condition

Question 10

capillary refill

Answer 10

blanching when pressing the nail that last a few seconds.

Question 11

petechiae

Answer 11

flat; red or purple rounded freckles
approximately 1 to 3 mm in diameter.
difficult to detect on dark skin and do not blanch.
-cause: minute hemorrhages resulting from fragile capillaries. vitamin C or K deficiency.

Question 12

hematoma

Answer 12

• raised, irregular shaped lesion similar to an ecchymosis except that it elevated the skin and looks like a swelling.
• causes- a leakage of blood into the skin and subcutaneous tissue as a result or trauma or surgical incision.

Question 13

hemangioma

Answer 13

• bright red
• raised lesion about 2 to 10 cm in diameter.
• does not blanch with pressure.
• usually present at birth (typically disappears by age 10)
• cause: a cluster of immature capillaries.

Question 14

nodules and tumors,

Answer 14

• elevated solid hard or soft palpable masses extending deeper into the dermis than a purple.
  tumor: irregular, larger than 2cm
  nodule: have circumscribed boarders and are .5 to 2 cm.

Question 15

scales

Answer 15

shedding flakes of greasy, keratinized skin tissue. color may be white, gray, or silver,

Question 16

configuration and shapes of lesion

Answer 16

Annular-Circular shape (Tinea Corporis, pityriasis rosea)
Confluent-run together (Urticaria)
Discrete-Separate and dicreate (molluscum)
Grouped-appear in clusters (purpural lesions)
Gyrate-coiled or twisted
Targetp-concentric circles of color (Erythema multiforme)
Linear-appear as a line (scratches)
Polycyclic- circular but united (Psosiasis )
Zosteriform Arranged in a linear manner a long a nerve route (herpes Zoster)

Question 17

herpes simplex

Answer 17

a viral infection that causes characteristic lesions on the lips and oral mucosa.
lesions progress from vesicles to pustules and then crust. also occurs in the genitals.

Question 18

Nails:

Answer 18

• clubbing,
• beaus lines, oster
• vertical lines,
• older adult,
• Spoon nails,
• splinter hemorrhages

Question 19

Hair abnormalities:

Answer 19

lice, alopecia, tinea capitis, behaviors that affect hair

Question 20

Variations in skin colors

Answer 20

melanin

Question 21

lice

Answer 21

???

Question 22

alopecia

Answer 22

sudden loss of hair un round balding patch on the scalp.

-no known cause

Question 23

tinea capitis

Answer 23

patchy white hair loss on the head with pustules on the skin
it is highly contagious of fungal type; transmitted from soil, from animal, or from person to person.

Question 24

behaviors that affect hair

Answer 24

lack of hygiene

Question 25

contact dermatitis.

Answer 25

inflammation of the skin due to an allergy to a substance that comes into contact with the skin, such as clothing, jewelry, plants, chemicals, or cosmetics.
progresses from redness to hives, vesicles, or scales accompanied by intense itching.

Question 26

Psoriasis

Answer 26

thickening of the skin in dry, silvery, scaly patches. it occurs with overproduction of skin cells, resulting in buildup of cells faster than they can be shed.

Question 27

Changes in skin, hair and nails during pregnancy

Answer 27

-pigmentation increases (nipples, areola, vulva, and perianal.
-Chloasma (hyperpigmented patches) “mask pregnancy”
-linea niegra runs from umbilicus to the pubic area.
-striae gravidarum -stretch marks
Hairs matures quicker and falls off. grows back by 6 to 15 months postpartum.
sebaceous cells become more active worsening acne.

Question 28

Cancer.

Answer 28

malignant tumor that spreads quickly, taking over the lymph and metastasize.

Question 29

Impetigo

Answer 29

bacterial skin infection that usually appears on the skin around the nose and mouth. it is contagious and common in children. it may begin as a barely perceptible patch of blisters that breaks, exposing red, weeping area beneath.

Question 30

shingles

Answer 30

eruption of dormant herpes zoster virus, it invades the body during a chicken pox attack.

Question 31

measles

Answer 31

highly contagious viral disease that causes a rash of red to purple macules or papules.
begins on face and spreads down. does not blanch

Question 32

eczema

Answer 32

internally provoked inflammation of the skin causing reddens papules and vesicles that ooze, weep, and progress to form crust.
usually located in the scalp, face, elbows, knees, forearms, torso, and wrist.

Question 33

hirsutism

Answer 33

excess body hair in females on the face, chest, abdomen, arms, and legs, following the male pattern.
cause: endocrine and metabolic dysfunction.

Question 34

Primary lesion types and configuration (describing lesions)

Answer 34

Macule and patch 
papule and plaque
nodule and tumor 
vesicle and bulla
wheal 
pustule 
cyst

Question 35

macule and patch

Answer 35

flat, non-palpable changes in the skin color.

Question 36

papule and plaque

Answer 36

elevated, solid palpable masses with a circumscribed boarder.

Question 37

vesicle and bulla

Answer 37

fluid- filled, round or ovalshaped masses with thin translucent walls and circumscribed boarders.

Question 38

wheal

Answer 38

elevated often reddish area with an irregular border caused by diffuse fluid in tissues rather than free fluid in a cavity as in vesicles (insect bite)

Question 39

pustule

Answer 39

elevated pus-filled vesicle or bulla with a circumscribed border.

Question 40

cyst

Answer 40

an elevated encapsulated, fluid-filled or semisolid mass originating in the subcutaneous tissue or dermis, usually 1 cm or larger.