chapter 17

Question 1

Assessment of cardiovascular

Answer 1

Inspection.
palpation.
percussion.
auscultation.

Question 2

Inpection

Answer 2

inspect for bulges and masses, symmetry

Question 3

Palpation

Answer 3

should not feel any pulsations, heave, or vibratory sensation against palm.

Question 4

Percussion

Answer 4

resonance all over lung tissue. dullness over heart.

Question 5

auscultation

Answer 5

listen for S1 and S2. possible S3 and S4 or bruits (tympanic) or murmurs.

Question 6

Apical pulse.

Answer 6

felt at the apex of the heart

Question 7

Cardiac cycle

Answer 7

the events of one complete heartbeat-that is, the contraction and relaxation of the atria and ventricles.

Question 8

Calculating stroke volume

Answer 8

stroke volume= cardiac output/ heart rate for 1 minute.

Question 9

cardiac output

Answer 9

the amount of blood ejected from the left ventricle over 1 minute. normal in adult 4 to 8 liters/ minute
Cardiac output =stroke volume/heart rate for 1 minute

Question 10

Carotid Artery assessment

Answer 10

assess presence, strength and equality. palpate each carotid pulse separately. Normal findings bilaterally should demonstrate equality in intensity and regular patterns. the pulses should be strong not bounding.

Question 11

Heart sounds and Murmurs

Answer 11

S1 lub AV valves close
S2 dub aortic and pulmonic valve close
S3 ventricular gallop. when AV valve open and blood flow into the ventricles and cause vibrations
S4 atrial gallop
MURMURS harsh blowing sounds caused by disruption of blood flow into the heart in between the chambers of the heart or from the heart into the pulmonary or aortic systems

Question 12

atherosclerosis

Answer 12

renal arteries

Question 13

carotid bruit

Answer 13

a loud blowing sound, is an abnormal finding. it is most often associated with a narrowing or stricture of the carotid artery usually associated with atherosclerotic plaque

Question 14

marfans syndrome

Answer 14

degenerative of the connective tissue, which over time may cause the ascending aorta to either dilate or dissect leading to abrupt death.

Question 15

Preload,

Answer 15

the amount of blood and stretching of the ventricular myocardial fibers.

Question 16

Afterload

Answer 16

the pressure that the ventricles must overcome in order to open the aortic and pulmonic valvular cusps.

Question 17

Electrocardiogram wave

Answer 17

Electrical representations of the cardiac cycle are documented by deflections on recording paper

Question 18

cardio output

Answer 18

The amount of blood ejected from the left ventricle over 1 minute

Question 19

JVD (jugular and neck vein distention),

Answer 19

indicates elevation of the central venous pressure commonly seen with congestive heart failure, fluid overload, or pressure on the superior vena cava

Question 20

MI (myocardial Infract)

Answer 20

During infarction there is complete disruption of oxygen and nutrient flow to the myocardial tissue in the area below a total occlusion. Infarction leads to the death of the myocardial tissue unless floe of blood is reestablished.

Question 21

Valve disease

Answer 21

Disease of the valves denotes either narrowing of the valves leaflets or incompetence of the same leaflets. may be caused by rheumatic fever, congenital defects, MI, and normal aging.

Question 22

VSD (ventricular septal defect),

Answer 22

Regurgitation occurs through the defect, resulting in a holosystolic murmur. the murmur is loud, coarse, high-pitched, and heard at the LSB, third to fifth ICS.

Question 23

Heart Failure (left and right sided),

Answer 23

inability of the heart to produce a sufficient pumping effort. Most commonly, both right-sided and left-sided heart failure are present. left-sided heart failure causes blood to back up into the pulmonary system and results in pulmonary edema. right-sided heart failure causes backup of the blood into the systemic circulation and leads to distended neck veins, liver congestion, and peripheral edema.

Question 24

tetralogy of fallot,

Answer 24

this condition involves four cardiac defects: dextroposition of the aorta, pulmonary stenosis, right ventricular hypertrophy, and ventricular septal defect.

Question 25

Coarctation of aorta,

Answer 25

the aorta is severely narrowed in the region inferior to the left subclavian artery. the narrowing restricts blood flow from the left ventricles into the aorta and out into the systemic circulation, thus contributing to the development of congestive heart failure in the newborn.

Question 26

Heart block

Answer 26

slow heart rate can be as low as 20 to 40 beats/min. conduction between the atria and ventricles is disrupted.

Question 27

pleural effusion,

Answer 27

excess fluid that accumulates between the two pleural layers, the fluid-filled space that surrounds the lungs. Excessive amounts of such fluid can impair breathing by limiting the expansion of the lungs during ventilation.

Question 28

aortic aneurysms

Answer 28

enlargement (dilation) of the aorta to greater than 1.5 times normal size. the cause of an aneurysm may be multifactorial, the end result is an underlying weakness in the wall of the aorta at that location.

Question 29

Older client, diet and healthy cardiac function

Answer 29

• hypertension
• vessels become more rigid
• the aorta may dilate and lengthen.
• might have s4 sound
• systolic murmurs become more common as people age, specially because of aortic stenosis
• diet and exercise decreases heart rate, maximum oxygen consumption and an increase in stroke volume during exercise.

Question 30

Infants and children, cardiac function

Answer 30

the heart beat in a new borne initially may be as high as 175 to 180 beats/min

Question 31

Behaviors and detrimental effects on developing fetus

Answer 31

in a fetus the blood passes through the placenta to the right side of the heart. the majority of the blood passes through the foramen ovale to the left side of the heart, then into the aorta to enter the systemic circulation. the foramen ovale is a passageway for blood between the right and left atria. the rest of the blood passes through the pulmonary artery ans ductus arteriosus is an opening between the pulmonary artery and the descending aorta.

Question 32

Health Promotion 2020 behaviors

Answer 32

• Reduce CHD
• increase awareness on the early signs and symptoms of a heart attack
• reduce the proportion of adults that are obese