test 3 (units 9-13) Flashcards
behaviors, interests, attitudes, skills, and traits that a culture considers appropriate for males or for females
gender roles
Erikson’s fourth crisis of psychosocial development, in which children must learn the productive skills their culture requires or else face feelings of inferiority
industry v. inferiority
Judgment a person makes about his or her self-worth
self-esteem
a parenting style that emphasizes self-expression and self-regulation
permissive
desire to play with others but feels insecure around children they don’t know
reticent play
The second cognitive level of play, involves use of objects or materials to make something; also called object play
cognitive play
the image a person has about their self
self-concept
erickson’s 3rd crisis in which children must balance the urge to pursue goals with the moral reservations that may prevent carrying them out
initiative v. guilt
a parenting style which emphasizes control and obedience
authoritarian
aggression used as an instrument in achieving a goal
instrumental
a parenting style that blends respect for a child’s individuality with an effort to instill social values
authoritative
a behavior intended to help others without external reward
altruism
aggressive behavior is intended to hurt another person
hostile
form of coercive parenting in which physical force is used in an attempt to correct or control the child’s behavior
corporal punishment
persistent and excessive worry that interferes with daily activities, can cause physical symptoms
anxiety disorder
vigorous play involving wrestling, hitting, and chasing
rough and tumble play
helps young children express what they’re feeling without putting it into words
art therapy
participation in this has risen 50% since the early 1980s
organized sports
extreme fear and/or avoidance of social situations, such as speaking in class or meeting an acquaintance on the street
social phobia
illnesses that are occasional or short-term conditions
acute medical condition
a chronic respiratory disease characterized by difficulty in breathing
asthma
a good physical education program should emphasize this
skill mastery
one of the most common diseases of childhood and is characterized by high levels of glucose in the blood as a result of defective insulin production, ineffective insulin action, or both
diabetes
physical, developmental, behavioral, and/or emotional disturbances that require special health services
chronic medical condition
referring to persistent, repetitive patterns of aggressive, antisocial acts
conduct disorder
3rd stage of Piagetian development during which children develop mental operations to solve actual problems, but not abstract thinking
concrete operations
the ability to order items along one or more dimensions
seriation
a type of logical reasoning that moves from a general premise about a class to a conclusion about a particular member/s of the class
deductive reasoning
strategy to aid memory, such as a rhyme or making a list
mnemonic device
Sternberg’s theory that intelligence consists of componential, experimental, and contextual elements
triarchic theory of intelligence
developmental disorder with which reading achievement is substantially lower than predicted by IQ or age
dyslexia
11 yrs old+, can think abstractly, deal with hypothetical situations, and think about possibilities
formal operations
understanding the relationship between two objects by knowing the relationship of each to a third object
transitive inference
piaget’s term for a child mastering different types of conservation tasks at different ages
horizontal décalage
Gardner’s theory that there are 8 distinct forms of intelligence: naturalistic, visual-spatial, body-kinesthetic, interpersonal, logic, verbal-linguistic, musical-rhythmic, and intrapersonal
theory of multiple intelligences
the process of phonetic analysis by which a printed word is converted to spoken form before retrieval from long term memory
decoding
stage of development where children are focused on appearances and have difficulty with abstract concepts
preoperational
a type of logical reasoning that moves from particular observations about members of a class to a general conclusion about that class
inductive reasoning
the understanding of the processes of memory
metamemory
attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder
ADHD
approach to teaching reading that emphasizes visual retrieval and use of contextual cues
whole-language approach
broad, inclusive self-concepts that integrate various aspects of the self
representational systems
erikson’s fourth stage of psychosocial development focuses on
industry v. inferiority
unfavorable attitudes toward “outsiders”, especially members of certain racial or ethnic groups
prejudice
child psychoanalyst known for his theory on 8 stages of psychosocial development
erikson
aggression aimed at achieving an objective
instrumental aggression
control or maintain
regulation
the transitional stage in the control of behavior in which parents exercise general supervision and children exercise moment-to-moment self-regulation
coregulation
action intended to hurt another person
hostile aggression
emotional self-regulation involves ______ control of emotions, attention, and behavior
effortful
a view of the self as able to master skills and complete tasks
competence
the tendency for individuals to perceive others as trying to hurt them and to strike out in retaliation or self-defense
hostile attribution bias
erikson’s third stage in psychosocial development, in which children balance the urge to pursue goals with reservations about doing so
initiative v. guilt
what aggression becomes when it is deliberately, persistently directed against a particular target: a victim
bullying
