Test 3 (thinking and language development)

Question 1

Prototype

Answer 1

Like when he said bird and you thought of a bluebird

Question 2

Thinking occurs on three levels

Answer 2

Conscious process (consciously aware of)
Subconscious process
(Thinking which lies just outside of our consciousness helps prevent overload)
Non-conscious process
(Thinking which occurs outside and is not available to our conscious awareness why things pop into our heads)

Question 3

Purposeful mental activity that involves operating on information in order to reach conclusions or problem solved

Answer 3

Reasoning

Question 4

Types of reasoning

Answer 4

Formal reasoning

Informal reasoning

Question 5

Formal reasoning

Answer 5

Based on specific knowledge and information with one single best answer

Algorithm
Critical thinking

Question 6

Informal reasoning

Answer 6

Possible solutions based on personal experience and things familiar with

Heuristic
Dialectical reasoning
Insight (intuition)

Question 7

Algorithm

Answer 7

Step-by-step procedures that guarantee a solution

Like a recipe

Question 8

Heuristic

Answer 8

A simple thinking strategy that often allows us to make judgments example I before E except after C

Question 9

Dialectical reasoning

Answer 9

Pros and cons of the solution

Question 10

Insight (intuition)

Answer 10

Sudden in often novel realization of the solution to a problem

Question 11

Confirmation bias

Answer 11

Tendency to search for information that confirms everyone’s preconceptions

Question 12

Fixation

Answer 12

Inability to see a problem from a new perspective

Question 13

Functional fixedness

Answer 13

Tendency to think of things only in terms of their usual functions

Question 14

Exaggerating the improbable

Answer 14

Inclination to exaggerate the probability of very rare events

Question 15

Representativeness heuristic

Answer 15

Judging the likelihood of things in terms of how well they seem to represent, or match, particular prototypes
(when Our prototypes get in the way of us seeing the probability of something, seeing a tall person in thinking they play basketball)

Question 16

Availability heuristic

Answer 16

Estimating the likelihood of events based on their availability in memory

(no one would fly after 911)

Question 17

Overconfidence

Answer 17

Tendency to overestimate the accuracy of one’s beliefs and judgments

Question 18

Framing

Answer 18

How an issue is framed can significantly affect decisions and judgments

Question 19

Belief perseverance

Answer 19

Clinging to one’s initial conceptions after the basis on which they were formed has been discredited

Question 20

Creativity

Answer 20

The ability to produce novel and valuable ideas

Question 21

Divergent thinking

Answer 21

The ability to consider many different options and to think in novel ways

Question 22

Convergent thinking

Answer 22

The ability to narrow the available problem solutions to provide a single best answer

Question 23

Language

Answer 23

Our spoken, written or signed words and the way we combined them to communicate meaning

Question 24

Learning perspective

Answer 24

Language development is the result of:
Observational learning
Modeling
Imitation
Reinforcement

Question 25

Nativist theory

Answer 25

Looks of the brain and the parts of the brain that are instrumental in learning
Looks at critical and sensitive periods
Emphasizes the biological side of learning development. Chomsky believes that children are born with a language acquisition device (LAD)

Question 26

Integrationist theory

Answer 26

The two previous theories both work together to help a child learn a language

Question 27

Cognition

Answer 27

Mental activities associated with thinking, reasoning, knowing, remembering, and communicating

(Concepts are categories)