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SHB ME > Test 3 stuff to remember > Flashcards

Test 3 stuff to remember Flashcards

1
Q

embryonic layer the nervous system develops from; what about notocord?

A

ectoderm

notocord- mesoderm

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2
Q

post-central gyrus is primarily ___, while the pre-central gyrus is primarily ___.

A

sensory, motor

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3
Q

type of cells that make CSF

A

ependymal glial cells

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4
Q

major components of the basal ganglia

A

caudate nucleus, putamen, globus pallidus

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5
Q

forebrain parts and name

A

prosencephalon- telecephalon (cerebral cortex + bg) & diencephalon (thalamus & hypothalamus)

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6
Q

midbrain parts and name

A

mesencephalon

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7
Q

hindbrain parts and name

A

rhombencephalon- metencephalon (pons, cerebellum), myelencephalon (medulla)

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8
Q

3 main flexures

A

cervical (spinal cord and hindbrain)

pontine (metencephalon and myelincephalon)

cephalic (hind brain and midbrain)

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9
Q

3 layers of neural tube

A

ventricular, mantle (grey), marginal (white)

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10
Q

above sulcus limitans

A

alar plate- sensory

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11
Q

below (ventral) to sulcus limitans

A

basal plate- motor

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12
Q

dorsal to ventral spinal cord

A

GSA–>GVA–>GVE–>GSE

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13
Q

3 types of spina bifida

A

occulta, cystica, rachischisis

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14
Q

meningocele

A

meninges push through openings, spinal cord still may be in vetebrae

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15
Q

meningomyelocele

A

spinal cord is pushed out into the opening

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16
Q

exencephaly

A

failure of cephalic neural tube to close, can lead to anacephaly

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17
Q

hydrocephalus

A

abnormal accumulation of CSF within the ventricular system due to a blockage in the aqueduct of sylvius

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18
Q

Chiari

A

displacement of cerebellum through foramen magnum

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19
Q

microcephaly

A

lack of brain development leading to small cranial vault

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20
Q

at the junction between the ___ and the ____, the two vertebrals turn into the _____

A

medulla & pons, basilar

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21
Q

two major blood suppliers of the brain

A

vertebral

internal carotid (anterior- longitudinal fissure; middle- sylvian fissure)

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22
Q

the BBB is found at the junction between _____, which becomes known as _____

A

ependymal cells and pia; choroid epithelium

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23
Q

T/F - the dura shares a blood supply with the brain - the dura is pain sensitive - arachnoid contains venous sinuses - spinal cord has epidural space - brain has epidural space

A

FALSE TRUE (trigeminal, c2/c3) FALSE- venous sinuses are in dura TRUE FALSE

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24
Q

how does CSF leave the brain?

A

through outpouchings of the sub-arachnoid space called arachnoid granulation, and specific arachnoid vili which are porous

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25
Q

specialized ependymal cells close to pia are called

A

choroid epithelium

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26
Q

components of choroid plexus

A

leaky blood vessels scattered pia choroid epithelium (ependymal cells)

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27
Q

where does choroid plexus NOT exist

A

anterior & posterior horns of lateral ventricles- too much brain meat

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28
Q

2 circumventricular organs (chemosensitive zones)

A

area postrema (sensory- triggers vomiting) neurohypophsis (secretory)

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29
Q

contains the two foramen of Luschka

A

4th ventricle

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30
Q

where is the area postrema located

A

floor of the 4th ventricle

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31
Q

what artery does motor & sensory strips & caudate & putamen

A

anterior cerebral (off of internal carotid)

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32
Q

arteries that make up circle of wilis

A

anterior cerebral anterior communicating internal carotid posterior communicating posterior cerebral

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33
Q

vertebral blood flow

A

subclav –> vetebral –> basilar –> posterior cerebral

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34
Q

derivatives of neural crest cells

A

autonomic ganglion dorsal root ganglion & cranial nerve sensory adrenal medullary cells schwann cells melanocytes

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35
Q

dorsal column pathway (DCP) transmits

A

2 point discrimination, vibration, proprioception, GSA

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36
Q

important broadman’s areas

A

sensory- 312

motor- 4

vision- 17

auditory cortex- 41 & 42

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37
Q

lateral spinothalamic tract transmits

A

itch, pain, and temperature

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38
Q

dorsal spinocerebellar tract (SCT) transmits

A

unconscious proprioceptive information to the cerebellum

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39
Q

ventral spinocerebellar tract transmits

A

information about interneurons; only thing that uses superior cerebellar peduncle

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40
Q

nucleus proprius is where 1st order neurons terminate in ___ tract

A

spinothalamic tract (pain)

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41
Q

Area 312 is where which tracts terminate

A

spinothalamic tract & dorsal column pathway (touch)

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42
Q

area 4 is where which tract originates

A

corticospinal tract

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43
Q

which tracts cross in the cord

A

spinothalamic, ventral spinocerebllar tract (interneurons) and ACST?

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44
Q

medial leminiscus is where 2nd order fibers of which pathway ascend to VPL

A

dorsal column pathway

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45
Q

nucleus dorsalis/Clark’s nucleus is where the 2nd order neruons being in which pathway

A

dorsal spinocerebellar tract - unconcious proprioception

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46
Q

ventral posteromedial nucleus of the thalamus is where which fibers synapse

A

NONE (that we’ve studied)!! all in VPL

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47
Q

pyramid of medulla is where axons of the ___ pathway travel through

A

corticospinal tract

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48
Q

which tracts cross in medulla

A

corticospinal tract, dorsal column pathway

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49
Q

medial and lateral motor nuclei

A

CST (corticospinal tract- only descending!)

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50
Q

IML

A

sympathetics

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51
Q

ICP

A

SCT, CCT

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52
Q

What is this spinal cord level?

A

S2

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53
Q

What is this spinal cord level?

A

C8

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54
Q

What is this spinal cord level?

A

C2/T10

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55
Q

What is this spinal cord level?

A

L3

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56
Q

Mnemonic for nuclei products

A

See Ralph’s substantially dopey blue knees

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57
Q

2 key nuclei of basal forebrain (Ach)

A

Meynert (to cerebellum) and Septal nuclei (to hippocampus)

destruction may lead to Alzheimers

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58
Q

A useful mnemonic for remembering the relationships in the spinal cord is

A

SAME-DAVE (sensory-afferent, motor-efferent; dorsal-afferent, ventral-efferent)

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59
Q

free nerve endings

A

non-encapsulatedslow adaptingpain/tempdeep skin, viscera

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60
Q

merkel’s disk

A

non-encapsulatedslow adaptingtouchfeet/hands/genetalia/lips

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61
Q

hair follicle

A

non-encapsulatedfast adaptingtouchhair

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62
Q

meissner’s corpuscle

A

encapsulatedfast adapting2 pt discriminationskin/fingertips/joints

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63
Q

pancinian corpuscle

A

encapsulatedfast adaptingvibrationfingers/toes/mesenteries

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64
Q

ruffini’s ending

A

encapsulatedslow adaptingstretch, pressuredermis

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65
Q

joint receptor

A

encapsulatedslow adaptingjoint positionjoint capsules/ligaments

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66
Q

nueromuscular spindle

A

encapsulatedslow adaptinglimb muscle stretch/lengthmuscle

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67
Q

golgi tendon organs

A

encapsulatedslow adaptingmuscle tensionmuscle tendons

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68
Q

action of tensor tympani, innervation, attachment

A

pressure regulator; gradual accommodation of hearing; pulls malleus back off tympanic membrane; done by 5; malleus

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69
Q

action of stapedius, innervation, attachment

A

attaches to neck of stapes, reflexive adaptation, done by 7; stapedius

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70
Q

3 ways to transduce

A

air- not efficient

osseous- bone conduction

ossicular- air conduction ** most efficient

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71
Q

organization of tonotopic map

A

base- stiffest- highapex- loose- low

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72
Q

bending towards kinocilium

A

increase K+, depolarize

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73
Q

bending away from kinocilium

A

decrease K+, hyperpolarize

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74
Q

phase locking- sudden stop

A

hyperpolarization

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75
Q

phase locking- sudden onset

A

burst of APs

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76
Q

ways to localize sound

A

interaural differences, changes in pitch and intensity

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77
Q

wernickes area

A

comprehension

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78
Q

broaca’s area

A

speech production

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79
Q

what connects wernicke’s and brocas?

A

arcuate fasiculus

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80
Q

auditory pathway

A

basilar membrane (spiral ganglion) –> cochlear nuclei –> SON (bilateral)–> lateral lemniscus–> IC –>MGN –> herschel’s gyrus ( transverse temporal lobe)

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81
Q

Conduction deafness

A

Normal responses to bone conduction, but impaired air (ossicular) conduction responses (ear infection, overgrowth of temporal bone); affects lower frequencies

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82
Q

Sensorineural deafness

A

Characterized by loss of both air and bone conduction, affecting higher frequencies most often; hair cell damage (too much loud noise)

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83
Q

Neural deafness

A

unilateral hearing loss; lesion of auditory nerve; acoustic neuroma; lesions at the levelof the cochlear nuclei or of the auditory nerve

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84
Q

Central deafness

A

normally bilateral; difficulty locating a sound on the contralateral side of the head

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85
Q

2/3 things required for balance

A

vestibular system, visual system, proprioceptive system

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86
Q

pathway for vestibular sensation

A

hair cell -> bipolar cell -> vestibular ganglion (inferior & superior***) -> CNVIII -> vestibular nuclei (lateral/medial/superior/inferior) -> MLF (ascending & descending) vestibular ganglion –> vestibular nuclei & cerebellum –> MVST and LVST –> ventral horn cells or MLF –> nuclei of 3, 4, 6

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87
Q

1* and 2* afferents of vestibular system

A

1*- vestibular nuclei2* cerebellum/spinal cord/brainstem/ thalamic & cortical areas

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88
Q

types of eye movements

A

vestibulo-occular (eyes opposite head)nystagus (oscilating)smooth pursuitsaccadevergence- following moving objects

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89
Q

provoke nystagmus

A

COWS (cold opposite, warm same)

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90
Q

differences between DCP & STT

A
  1. STT cells are post-synaptic2. STT axons cross spinal cord and then ascend3. DCP projects to thalamus; STT projects to brainstem, thalamus, reticular formation, hypothalamus4. both project contralaterally; STT has ipsilateral connections as well
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91
Q

hearing pathway in Dr. D’s words

A

Sound stimulates hair cells (receptors) of the Organ of Corti in the cochlea and impulses are carried along bipolar neurons with their cell bodies in the spiral ganglion to the dorsal and ventral cochlear nuclei of the medulla (hearing).

92
Q

two spinal cord enlargments

A

cervical- C8lumbar- L3

93
Q

3 funiculii

A

posterior, lateral, anterior

94
Q

the thalamic nuclei: basal ganglia, cerebellum

A

VA/VL (ventral anterior/ventral lateral) - motor areas

95
Q

the thalamic nuclei: medial lemniscus, STT (spinal)

A

VPL - somatosensory cortex

96
Q

the thalamic nuclei: medial lemniscus, STT (trigeminal)

A

VPM- somatosensory cortex

97
Q

brachium of the inferior colliculus

A

(MGN) medial geniculate thalamic nuclei- auditory cortex (transverse temporal gyri)

98
Q

optic tract

A

(LGN) lateral geniculate thalamic nuclei - visual cortex

99
Q

mammilothalamic tract

A

anterior thalamic nuclei (cingulate gyrus)

100
Q

major subdivisions of diencephalon

A

HEDSepithalamus (pineal, stria medullaris), dorsal thalamus, subthalamus (subthalamic nucleus)hypothalamus

101
Q

major subdivisions of dorsal thalamus

A

MITrI

internal medullary lamina (anterior, medial, lateral)

intralaminar nuclei

thalamic reticular nuclei

midline nuclei

102
Q

3 functional groups of the thalamus

A

specific/relay nuclei

association nuclei

non-specific

103
Q

association nuclei parts of the thalamus

A

lateral posterior, pulvinar, dorsomedial

104
Q

non-specific nuclei parts of thalamus

A

intralaminar & thalamic reticular

105
Q

groupings of LMN

A

medial- axial muscleslateral- distaldorsal- flexorventral-extensor

106
Q

what to LMNs release?

A

acetylcholine (onto nicotinic receptors)

107
Q

motor unit

A

all muscle fibers innervated by a LMN

108
Q

size principle

A

LMNs are recruited in order of size & force (S-unit recruited first)

109
Q

upper motor neurons are part of which tracts

A

corticospinal and corticobulbular neurons

110
Q

type of muscle fiber

A

s- I- red- more mitochondria & capillaries

fr- IIa- white

ff- IIb- white

111
Q

4 control systems of lower motor neurons in the spinal cord

A

reflex & pattern generators

descending pathways (e.g. CST)

higher cortical centers

bg and cerebellum (planning)

112
Q

neurotransmitter of CST

A

glutamate (all excitatory)

113
Q

part of internal capsule CST passes through

A

posterior limb

114
Q

lesion of CST in internal capsule affects the ___ side; affects _____

A

contralateral ; dexterity

115
Q

where does the anterior corticospinal tract (ACST) come from?

A

the 10% of CST fibers that don’t cross

116
Q

characteristics of upper vs. lower MN damage

A

upper- spastic paralysis- stiff, hyper-reflexive, positive babinski

lower-flaccid paralysis- weak, small muscle

117
Q

which CN’s have NO corticobulbar innervation

A

3, 4, 6 (eyes!)

118
Q

corticobulbar tract descends ___ to the CST

A

anterior

119
Q

laterallity of UMNs for cranial nerve nuclei

A

7 for lower face- unilateral

5, 12- weakly bilateral

7 for upper face, 9, 10- bilateral

120
Q

CBT descends via the ___ of the internal capsule

A

genu

121
Q

striatum is made up of

A

caudate and putamen (& NAcc)

122
Q

lentiform nucleus is made up of

A

putamen and globus pallidus

123
Q

input vs. output neurotransmitters of the basal ganglion

A

input- excitatory- glutamate

output- inhibitory- GABA

124
Q

BG circuits

A

motor loop- learned movements

occulomotor loop- voluntary saccades

cognitive loop- motor intention

limbic loop- emotional

“Mighty obvious cognitive loops”

125
Q

globus pallidus projects to the thalamus via the

A

ansa lenticularis

126
Q

the predominant neurons of the striatal system are

A

GABAergic

127
Q

afferents (and 1 efferent) of inferior cerebellar peduncle

A

inferior olivary nucleus

vestibular nucleus

spinal cord

vestibular nuclei

128
Q

afferent & efferent of superior cerebllar peduncle

A

ASCT

deep cerebellar nuclei

129
Q

3 layers of the cerebellum

A

molecular, purkinje, granular

130
Q

deep cerebellar nuclei

A

fastigial nucleus

interposed nuclei

dentate nucleus

FID

131
Q

where does the fastigial nucleus go?

A

vestibular nuclei & MLF

132
Q

input of fastigial nucleus

A

flocculonodular & vermis lobe

133
Q

input of interposed nucleus

A

medial hemisphere

134
Q

where does interposed nucleus go?

A

red nucleus to rubrospinal tract (x2)

135
Q

where does the dentate project to?

A

red nucleus to thalamus (VL) and inferior olive - CLIMBING FIBERS

136
Q

input of dentate nucleus

A

lateral hemisphere

137
Q

mossy fibers synapse on ___, which sends off _____

A

granular cell, parallel fiber

138
Q

climbing fibers come from

A

contralateral inferior olivary nucleus

139
Q

climbing fibers are excitatotry/inhibitory while purkinje cells excite/inhibit deep nuclei

A

excitatory, inhibit

140
Q

which causes more excitation, mossy fibers or climbing fibers

A

climbing fiber

141
Q

direct pathway involves internal/external globus pallidus

A

internal

142
Q

types of cortex

A

neocortex- most of cortex (6 layers) archicortex- hippocampus paleocortex telencephalon base, olfactory

143
Q

role of reticular system; where are they located

A

adjusts the responsiveness of the brain/coordinating system between sensory and motor; located within the brainstem

144
Q

characteristics of pyramidal cells

A
  • long apical & basal dendrites;
  • are the axons which LEAVE the cortex;
  • excitatory (glutamate)
  • have dendritic spines that are selectively modified by learning
145
Q

agranular vs. granular areas of the cortex

A

large pyramidal (5) vs. small neuron

146
Q

where things cross- frontal lobe

A

genu/anterior CC

147
Q

where things cross- parietal lobe

A

posterior CC

148
Q

where things cross- occipital lobe & and part of temporal

A

splenium of the CC

149
Q

where things cross- temporal lobe & olfactory system

A

anterior commissure

150
Q

examples of primary neocortical areas

A

primary motor, primary somatosensory, primary visual, primary auditory

151
Q

unimodal association examples

A

premotor cortex, supplementary motor, somatosensory, visual

152
Q

multimodal association areas

A

parieto-occipital-temporal region, prefrontal areas, limbic areas

153
Q

an example of disconnection syndrome

A

alexia without agraphia

154
Q

which areas have fibers that do not cross in the CC

A

hands, area 17 (vision), temporal lobe that goes through AC

155
Q

role of cerebral cortex

A

analyze, plan, and initiate responses

156
Q

broca’s lesion

A

non-fluent verbal fluency poor repetitiongood verbal comprehensionpoor verbal naming

157
Q

wernicke’s lesion

A

fluent verbal fluency poor repetitionpoor comprehensionpoor verbal naming

158
Q

conduction lesion

A

fluent verbal fluency poor repetitiongood comprehensionpoor verbal naming

159
Q

ARAS role

A

level of alertness, sleep-wake rhythms, startle reactions

160
Q

definition of consciousness

A

a state of self-awareness in which it is possible to direct and manipulate abstract ideas

161
Q

lateral hypothalamus produces _____, which ________

A

orexin, stabilizes wake states & keeps REM from occurring

162
Q

body’s internal clock

A

SCN

163
Q

what type of CNS neurons have the largest territorial distribuation?

A

serotonergic projections

164
Q

role of sleep

A

consolidation, growth, restoration

165
Q

areas the brainstem acts on to promote sleep

A

basal forebrain, hypothalamus, thalamus

166
Q

symptoms of MS, pathway affected

A

demyelination of MLF, babinski sign, double vision

167
Q

role of hypothalamus

A

maintaining homeostasis; visceral function (feeding, drinking, autonomic and endocrine functions, sexual and emotional behavior)

168
Q

important nuclei of the hypothalamus

A

arcuate nucleus (stress) SCN (bio clock)PVN (hormones) mamillary nucleus (memory)

169
Q

inputs to the hypothalamus

A

fornix (memory)

stria terminalis (amygdala)

medial forebrain bundle (VTA/mesolimbic- dopamine)

170
Q

3 important monoamines

A

dopamine, norepinephrine, seratonin

171
Q

2 dopaminergic systems

A

nigrostriatal, mesolimbic (VTA)

172
Q

the ____ connects the hippocampus and hypothalamus

A

fornix

173
Q

papez circuit

A

mammillary body of hypothalamus –> anterior nucleus of the thalamus –> cingulate gyrus –> hippocampus

174
Q

function of the papez circuit

A

limbic regulation/ emotion

175
Q

added on to papez circuit

A

amygdala, prefrontal cortex, association cortex, hypothalamus

176
Q

pituitary is controlled by hypothalamus; have direct vs. indirect pituitary control

A

posterior (neurohypophysis) vs. anterior (adenohypohysis)

177
Q

servomechanism

A

hypothalamus determines set point, has controlling elements and feedback detectors

178
Q

types of biological rythms

A

ultradian, circadian, infradian, circannual

179
Q

which part of the hypothalamus is right next to the posterior cerebral artery (PCA)?

A

mammillary body- get double vision

180
Q

injury to temporal lobe causes which visual field defect

A

pie in the sky

181
Q

if the PCA knocks out the cerebral cortex, you get which visual defect

A

macular sparing

182
Q

bony shell which forms cochlea

A

modilous

183
Q

what gyrus is right above corpus callosum and what does it do? what is it continuous with?

A

cingulate gyrus; is part of limbic cortex, connects with entorhinal cortex which projects back to hippocampus

184
Q

what divides the occipital lobe

A

calcarine sulcus

185
Q

function of superior parietal lobule

A

integration of sensory and motor functions (lesion you get apraxia- can conduct purposeful movements)

186
Q

temporal gyri

A

superior- auditory

middle- motion

inferior- faces

187
Q

What suspend brain in cranial cavity?

A

arachnoid trabeculae

188
Q

course of CSF

A

ventricles –> medial and lateral apertures (magendi and lushka) –> cisterns –> tentorial notch –> arachnoid villi –> venous sinuses

189
Q

Blockage of PCA leads to which disorder?

A

Wallenberg syndrome or lateral medullary syndrome

(ipsilateral loss of pain from face, ipsilateral horners, contralateral loss of pain from the body)

190
Q

which part of the vestibular system is continuous with the cochlea?

A

saccule

191
Q

cerebral aqueduct is in which part of the brain?

A

mesencephalon

192
Q

the romberg sign (stand with closed eyes) tests which pathway?

A

dorsal column

193
Q

lesions of cerebellum lead to deficits on the

A

same side

194
Q

lesions of cerebrum lead to deficits on the

A

opposite side

195
Q

function of CN 3, 4, 6

A

extraoccular eye movements

196
Q

function of CN 5

A

sensory and motor innervation fo the face a muscles of mastication`

197
Q

function of CN 7

A

muscles of facial expression

198
Q

function of CN 8v

A

otolithic organs, SSC, hair celss

199
Q

function of CN 8c

A

cochlear nuclei, central auditory pathway (MGN & Herschl’s gyrus)

200
Q

function of CN 9

A

baroreflex circuity (blood pressure), swallowing

201
Q

function of CN 10

A

visceral function

202
Q

mesencephalic nucleus

A

sens nuc 5- jaw jerk reflex

203
Q

spinal nucleus

A

sensory nuc 5- pain and temp for head (7,9, 10 for ear pinna); like STT

204
Q

main sensory

A

sensory nuc 5- similar to dorsal column, relays position, vibration, 2 pt discrimination for head

205
Q

3 parts of sensory trigeminal

A

mesencephalic, main sensory, spinal

206
Q

broca’s is in which region

A

inferior frontal

207
Q

cuneatus cutoff in spinal cord

A

T6 (between nipples- T4, and umbilicus- T10)

208
Q

disorders of ascending pathways (DCP, STT, SCT, CST)

A

DCP- positive rhomberg- tapes dorsalis

STT- meduallary stroke- wallenberg

dSCT- muscular weakness/abnormal gait- freidrich’s ataxia

CST- spastic vs flaccid paralysis, ALS

209
Q

Romberg sign

A

stand with feet together, eyes closed(positive for sensory ataxia, not cerebellar ataxia)

210
Q

superior cerebellar peduncles desscuate in the

A

caudal midbrain

211
Q

order of stuff in cochlea

A

scala vestibuli on top of reisner’s membrane on top of cochlear duct split by tectorial membrane on top of basilar membrane on top of scala tympani

212
Q

neither eye responds to light on damaged side represents damage of which CN?

A

optic nerve (2)

213
Q

a damaged pupil doesn’t respond to light on either side represents damage of which CN?

A

occulomotor (3)

214
Q

accommodation reflex

A
  • vergence- medial recti
  • thickening of lens- ciliary mucsle contraction
  • constriction of the pupils
215
Q

what cortical layer is greatly expanded in the primary visual cortex compared to all others?

A

4 (input layer)

216
Q

3 main components of amygdala

A

medial- olfactory

central- hypothalamus, PAG- visceral sensory input

basolateral- link experiencing emotion & expression- major input

217
Q

bilateral lesion of the amygdala leads to what syndrome (or lesion in this lobe)

A

Kluver-Bucy (docile, hyperoral, hypersexual)

anterior temporal lobe

218
Q

where do efferents from the amygdala to the thalamus end

A

dorsomedial nucleus of thalamus

219
Q

main output of the hippocampus to the hypothlamus

A

fornix to mammillary bodies (which projects to anterior nucleus of the thalamus via the mamilothalamic tract)

220
Q

lesion of the hippocampus results in

A

anterograde amnesia (difficulty forming new memories)

Alzheimer’s (cell loss in basal nucleus of meynert)

221
Q

lack of B1’s effect on hippocampus

A

wernicke-kosrsakoff syndrome

(wenicke’s encephalopathy- acute

korsakoff’s amnesic- chronic)

222
Q

how do fibers leave the amygdalofugal pathway (DM thalamus)

A

stria terminalis & ventral

223
Q

transition between hippocampus proper and temporal lobe neocortex

A

subiculum

224
Q

mediates between hippocampal gyrus and association cortex

A

parahippocampal gyrus (entorhinal cortex)

225
Q

role of mammillary nuceli of the hypothalamus

A

spatial memory/position of head in space

226
Q

pathway of CSF

A

CSF made in ventricles –> median & lateral apertures –> cisterns –> tentorial notch –> subarachnoid space –> arachnoid villi to venous sinuses

227
Q

upper motor neuron injury

A

spastic

positive babinski

hyper-reflexia

increased tone

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