test 3 deck 2 Flashcards
(128 cards)
1
Q
free nerve endings
A
non-encapsulated
slow adapting
pain/temp
deep skin, viscera
2
Q
merkel’s disk
A
non-encapsulated
slow adapting
touch
feet/hands/genetalia/lips
3
Q
hair follicle
A
non-encapsulated
fast adapting
touch
hair
4
Q
meissner’s corpuscle
A
encapsulated
fast adapting
2 pt discrimination
skin/fingertips/joints
5
Q
pancinian corpuscle
A
encapsulated
fast adapting
vibration
fingers/toes/mesenteries
6
Q
ruffini’s ending
A
encapsulated
slow adapting
stretch, pressure
dermis
7
Q
joint receptor
A
encapsulated
slow adapting
joint position
joint capsules/ligaments
8
Q
nueromuscular spindle
A
encapsulated
slow adapting
limb muscle stretch/length
muscle
9
Q
golgi tendon organs
A
encapsulated
slow adapting
muscle tension
muscle tendons
10
Q
action of tensor tympani, innervation, attachment
A
pressure regulator; gradual accommodation of hearing; pulls malleus back off tympanic membrane; done by 5; malleus
11
Q
action of stapedius, innervation, attachment
A
attaches to neck of stapes, reflexive adaptation, done by 7; stapedius
12
Q
3 ways to transduce
A
air- not efficient
osseous- bone conduction
ossicular- air conduction ** most efficient
13
Q
organization of tonotopic map
A
base- stiffest- high
apex- loose- low
14
Q
bending towards kinocilium
A
increase K+, depolarize
15
Q
bending away from kinocilium
A
decrease K+, hyperpolarize
16
Q
phase locking- sudden stop
A
hyperpolarization
17
Q
phase locking- sudden onset
A
burst of APs
18
Q
ways to localize sound
A
interaural differences, changes in pitch and intensity
19
Q
wernickes area
A
comprehension
20
Q
broaca’s area
A
speech production
21
Q
what connects wernicke’s and brocas?
A
arcuate fasiculus
22
Q
auditory pathway
A
basilar membrane (spiral ganglion) –> cochlear nuclei –> SON (bilateral)–> lateral lemniscus–> IC –>MGN –> herschel’s gyrus ( transverse temporal lobe)
23
Q
Conduction deafness
A
Normal responses to bone conduction, but impaired air (ossicular) conduction responses (ear infection, overgrowth of temporal bone); affects lower frequencies
24
Q
Sensorineural deafness
A
Characterized by loss of both air and bone conduction, affecting higher frequencies most often; hair cell damage (too much loud noise)
25
Neural deafness
unilateral hearing loss; lesion of auditory nerve; acoustic neuroma; lesions at the level
of the cochlear nuclei or of the auditory nerve
26
Central deafness
normally bilateral; difficulty locating a sound on the contralateral side of the head
27
2/3 things required for balance
vestibular system, visual system, proprioceptive system
28
pathway for vestibular sensation
hair cell -> bipolar cell -> vestibular ganglion (inferior & superior***) -> CNVIII -> vestibular nuclei (lateral/medial/superior/inferior) -> MLF (ascending & descending)
vestibular ganglion --> vestibular nuclei & cerebellum --> MVST and LVST --> ventral horn cells
or MLF --> nuclei of 3, 4, 6
29
1* and 2* afferents of vestibular system
1*- vestibular nuclei
| 2* cerebellum/spinal cord/brainstem/ thalamic & cortical areas
30
types of eye movements
```
vestibulo-occular (eyes opposite head)
nystagus (oscilating)
smooth pursuit
saccade
vergence- following moving objects
```
31
provoke nystagmus
COWS (cold opposite, warm same)
32
differences between DCP & STT
1. STT cells are post-synaptic
2. STT axons cross spinal cord and then ascend
3. DCP projects to thalamus; STT projects to brainstem, thalamus, reticular formation, hypothalamus
4. both project contralaterally; STT has ipsilateral connections as well
33
hearing pathway in Dr. D's words
Sound stimulates hair cells (receptors) of the Organ of Corti in the cochlea and impulses are carried along bipolar neurons with their cell bodies in the spiral ganglion to the dorsal and ventral cochlear nuclei of the medulla (hearing).
34
two spinal cord enlargments
cervical- C8
| lumbar- L3
35
3 funiculii
posterior, lateral, anterior
36
the thalamic nuclei: basal ganglia, cerebellum
VA/VL (ventral anterior/ventral lateral) - motor areas
37
the thalamic nuclei: medial lemniscus, STT (spinal)
VPL - somatosensory cortex
38
the thalamic nuclei: medial lemniscus, STT (trigeminal)
VPM- somatosensory cortex
39
brachium of the inferior colliculus
(MGN) medial geniculate thalamic nuclei- auditory cortex (transverse temporal gyri)
40
optic tract
(LGN) lateral geniculate thalamic nuclei - visual cortex
41
mammilothalamic tract
anterior thalamic nuclei (cingulate gyrus)
42
major subdivisions of diencephalon
HEDS
epithalamus (pineal, stria medullaris),
dorsal thalamus,
subthalamus (subthalamic nucleus)
hypothalamus
43
major subdivisions of dorsal thalamus
MITrI
internal medullary lamina (anterior, medial, lateral)
intralaminar nuclei
thalamic reticular nuclei
midline nuclei
44
3 functional groups of the thalamus
specific/relay nuclei
association nuclei
non-specific
45
association nuclei parts of the thalamus
lateral posterior, pulvinar, dorsomedial
46
non-specific nuclei parts of thalamus
intralaminar & thalamic reticular
47
groupings of LMN
medial- axial muscles
lateral- distal
dorsal- flexor
ventral-extensor
48
what to LMNs release?
acetylcholine (onto nicotinic receptors)
49
motor unit
all muscle fibers innervated by a LMN
50
size principle
LMNs are recruited in order of size & force (S-unit recruited first)
51
upper motor neurons are part of which tracts
corticospinal and corticobulbular neurons
52
type of muscle fiber
s- I- red- more mitochondria & capillaries
fr- IIa- white
ff- IIb- white
53
4 control systems of lower motor neurons in the spinal cord
reflex & pattern generators
descending pathways (e.g. CST)
higher cortical centers
bg and cerebellum (planning)
54
neurotransmitter of CST
glutamate (all excitatory)
55
part of internal capsule CST passes through
posterior limb
56
lesion of CST in internal capsule affects the ___ side; affects _____
contralateral ; dexterity
57
where does the anterior corticospinal tract (ACST) come from?
the 10% of CST fibers that don't cross
58
characteristics of upper vs. lower MN damage
upper- stiff, no twitches
| lower- weak, small muscle, twitches
59
which CN's have NO corticobulbar innervation
3, 4, 6 (eyes!)
60
corticobulbar tract descends ___ to the CST
anterior
61
UMNs for cranial nerve nuclei
7 for lower face- unilateral
5, 12- weakly bilateral
7 for upper face, 9, 10- bilateral
62
CBT descends via the ___ of the internal capsule
genu
63
striatum is made up of
caudate and putamen (& NAcc)
64
lentiform nucleus is made up of
putamen and globus pallidus
65
input vs. output of basal ganglion
input- excitatory- glutamate
| output- inhibitory- GABA
66
BG circuits
motor loop- learned movements
occulomotor loop- voluntary saccades
cognitive loop- motor intention
limbic loop- emotional
"Mighty obvious cognitive loops"
67
globus pallidus projects to the thalamus via the
ansa lenticularis
68
the predominant neurons of the striatal system are
GABAergic
69
afferents (and 1 efferent) of inferior cerebellar peduncle
inferior olivary nucleus
vestibular nucleus
spinal cord
vestibular nuclei
70
afferent & efferent of superior cerebllar peduncle
ASCT
| deep cerebellar nuclei
71
3 layers of the cerebellum
molecular, purkinje, granular
72
deep cerebellar nuclei
fastigial nucleus & interposed nuclei & dentate nucleus
FID
73
where does the fastigial nucleus go?
vestibular nuclei & MLF
74
input of fastigial nucleus
flocculonodular & vermis lobe
75
input of interposed nucleus
medial hemisphere
76
where does interposed nucleus go?
red nucleus to rubrospinal tract (x2)
77
where does the dentate project to?
red nucleus to thalamus (VL) and inferior olive - CLIMBING FIBERS
78
input of dentate nucleus
lateral hemisphere
79
mossy fibers synapse on ___, which sends off _____
granular cell, parallel fiber
80
climbing fibers come from
contralateral inferior olivary nucleus
81
climbing fibers are excitatotry/inhibitory while purkinje cells excite/inhibit deep nuclei
excitatory, inhibit
82
which causes more excitation, mossy fibers or climbing fibers
climbing fiber
83
direct pathway involves internal/external globus pallidus
internal
84
types of cortex
neocortex- most of cortex (6 layers)
archicortex- hippocampus
paleocortex telencephalon base, olfactory
85
role of reticular system; where are they located
adjusts the responsiveness of the brain/coordinating system between sensory and motor; located within the brainstem
86
characteristics of pyramidal cells
- long apical & basal dendrites; - are the axons which LEAVE the cortex;
- excitatory (glutamate)
- have dendritic spines that are selectively modified by learning
87
agranular vs. granular areas of the cortex
large pyramidal (5) vs. small neuron
88
where things cross- frontal lobe
genu/anterior CC
89
where things cross- parietal lobe
posterior CC
90
where things cross- occipital lobe & and part of temporal
splenium of the CC
91
where things cross- temporal lobe & olfactory system
anterior commissure
92
examples of primary neocortical areas
primary motor, primary somatosensory, primary visual, primary auditory
93
unimodal association examples
premotor cortex, supplementary motor, somatosensory, visual
94
multimodal association areas
parieto-occipital-temporal region, prefrontal areas, limbic areas
95
an example of disconnection syndrome
alexia without agraphia
96
which areas have fibers that do not cross in the CC
hands, area 17 (vision), temporal lobe that goes through AC
97
role of cerebral cortex
analyze, plan, and initiate responses
98
broca's lesion
non-fluent verbal fluency
poor repetition
good verbal comprehension
poor verbal naming
99
wernicke's lesion
fluent verbal fluency
poor repetition
poor comprehension
poor verbal naming
100
conduction lesion
fluent verbal fluency
poor repetition
good comprehension
poor verbal naming
101
ARAS role
level of alertness, sleep-wake rhythms, startle reactions
102
definition of consciousness
a state of self-awareness in which it is possible to direct and manipulate abstract ideas
103
lateral hypothalamus produces _____, which ________
orexin, stabilizes wake states & keeps REM from occurring
104
body's internal clock
SCN
105
what time of CNS neurons have the largest territorial distribuation?
serotonergic projections
106
role of sleep
consolidation, growth, restoration
107
areas the brainstem acts on to promote sleep
basal forebrain, hypothalamus, thalamus
108
symptoms of MS, pathway affected
demyelination of MLF, babinski sign, double vision
109
role of hypothalamus
maintaining homeostasis; visceral function (feeding, drinking, autonomic and endocrine functions, sexual and emotional behavior)
110
important nuclei of the hypothalamus
arcuate nucleus (stress)
SCN (bio clock)
PVN (hormones)
mamillary nucleus (memory)
111
inputs to the hypothalamus
```
fornix (memory)
stria terminalis (amygdala)
medial forebrain bundle (VTA/mesolimbic- dopamine)
```
112
3 important monoamines
dopamine, norepinephrine, seratonin
113
2 dopaminergic systems
nigrostriatal, mesolimbic (VTA)
114
the ____ connects the hippocampus and hypothalamus
fornix
115
papez circuit
mammillary body of hypothalamus --> anterior nucleus of the thalamus --> cingulate gyrus --> hippocampus
116
function of the papez circuit
limbic regulation/ emotion
117
added on to papez circuit
amygdala, prefrontal cortex, association cortex, hypothalamus
118
pituitary is controlled by hypothalamus; have direct vs. indirect pituitary control
posterior (neurohypophysis) vs. anterior (adenohypohysis)
119
servomechanism
hypothalamus determines set point, has controlling elements and feedback detectors
120
types of biological rythms
ultradian, circadian, infradian, circannual
121
which part of the hypothalamus is right next to the posterior cerebral artery (PCA)?
mammillary body- get double vision
122
injury to temporal lobe causes which visual field defect
pie in the sky
123
if the PCA knocks out the cerebral cortex, you get which visual defect
macular sparing
124
bony shell which forms cochlea
modilous
125
what gyrus is right above corpus callosum and what does it do? what is it continuous with?
cingulate gyrus; is part of limbic cortex, connects with entorhinal cortex which projects back to hippocampus
126
what divides the occipital lobe
calcarine sulcus
127
function of superior parietal lobule
integration of sensory and motor functions (lesion you get apraxia- can conduct purposeful movements)
128
temporal gyri
superior- auditory
middle- motion
inferior- faces
