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SHB ME > test 3 deck 2 > Flashcards

test 3 deck 2 Flashcards

1
Q

free nerve endings

A

non-encapsulated
slow adapting
pain/temp
deep skin, viscera

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2
Q

merkel’s disk

A

non-encapsulated
slow adapting
touch
feet/hands/genetalia/lips

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3
Q

hair follicle

A

non-encapsulated
fast adapting
touch
hair

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4
Q

meissner’s corpuscle

A

encapsulated
fast adapting
2 pt discrimination
skin/fingertips/joints

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5
Q

pancinian corpuscle

A

encapsulated
fast adapting
vibration
fingers/toes/mesenteries

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6
Q

ruffini’s ending

A

encapsulated
slow adapting
stretch, pressure
dermis

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7
Q

joint receptor

A

encapsulated
slow adapting
joint position
joint capsules/ligaments

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8
Q

nueromuscular spindle

A

encapsulated
slow adapting
limb muscle stretch/length
muscle

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9
Q

golgi tendon organs

A

encapsulated
slow adapting
muscle tension
muscle tendons

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10
Q

action of tensor tympani, innervation, attachment

A

pressure regulator; gradual accommodation of hearing; pulls malleus back off tympanic membrane; done by 5; malleus

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11
Q

action of stapedius, innervation, attachment

A

attaches to neck of stapes, reflexive adaptation, done by 7; stapedius

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12
Q

3 ways to transduce

A

air- not efficient
osseous- bone conduction
ossicular- air conduction ** most efficient

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13
Q

organization of tonotopic map

A

base- stiffest- high

apex- loose- low

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14
Q

bending towards kinocilium

A

increase K+, depolarize

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15
Q

bending away from kinocilium

A

decrease K+, hyperpolarize

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16
Q

phase locking- sudden stop

A

hyperpolarization

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17
Q

phase locking- sudden onset

A

burst of APs

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18
Q

ways to localize sound

A

interaural differences, changes in pitch and intensity

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19
Q

wernickes area

A

comprehension

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20
Q

broaca’s area

A

speech production

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21
Q

what connects wernicke’s and brocas?

A

arcuate fasiculus

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22
Q

auditory pathway

A

basilar membrane (spiral ganglion) –> cochlear nuclei –> SON (bilateral)–> lateral lemniscus–> IC –>MGN –> herschel’s gyrus ( transverse temporal lobe)

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23
Q

Conduction deafness

A

Normal responses to bone conduction, but impaired air (ossicular) conduction responses (ear infection, overgrowth of temporal bone); affects lower frequencies

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24
Q

Sensorineural deafness

A

Characterized by loss of both air and bone conduction, affecting higher frequencies most often; hair cell damage (too much loud noise)

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25
Q

Neural deafness

A

unilateral hearing loss; lesion of auditory nerve; acoustic neuroma; lesions at the level
of the cochlear nuclei or of the auditory nerve

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26
Q

Central deafness

A

normally bilateral; difficulty locating a sound on the contralateral side of the head

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27
Q

2/3 things required for balance

A

vestibular system, visual system, proprioceptive system

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28
Q

pathway for vestibular sensation

A

hair cell -> bipolar cell -> vestibular ganglion (inferior & superior***) -> CNVIII -> vestibular nuclei (lateral/medial/superior/inferior) -> MLF (ascending & descending)

vestibular ganglion –> vestibular nuclei & cerebellum –> MVST and LVST –> ventral horn cells

or MLF –> nuclei of 3, 4, 6

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29
Q

1* and 2* afferents of vestibular system

A

1*- vestibular nuclei

2* cerebellum/spinal cord/brainstem/ thalamic & cortical areas

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30
Q

types of eye movements

A 
vestibulo-occular (eyes opposite head)
nystagus (oscilating)
smooth pursuit
saccade
vergence- following moving objects
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31
Q

provoke nystagmus

A

COWS (cold opposite, warm same)

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32
Q

differences between DCP & STT

A
  1. STT cells are post-synaptic
  2. STT axons cross spinal cord and then ascend
  3. DCP projects to thalamus; STT projects to brainstem, thalamus, reticular formation, hypothalamus
  4. both project contralaterally; STT has ipsilateral connections as well
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33
Q

hearing pathway in Dr. D’s words

A

Sound stimulates hair cells (receptors) of the Organ of Corti in the cochlea and impulses are carried along bipolar neurons with their cell bodies in the spiral ganglion to the dorsal and ventral cochlear nuclei of the medulla (hearing).

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34
Q

two spinal cord enlargments

A

cervical- C8

lumbar- L3

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35
Q

3 funiculii

A

posterior, lateral, anterior

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36
Q

the thalamic nuclei: basal ganglia, cerebellum

A

VA/VL (ventral anterior/ventral lateral) - motor areas

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37
Q

the thalamic nuclei: medial lemniscus, STT (spinal)

A

VPL - somatosensory cortex

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38
Q

the thalamic nuclei: medial lemniscus, STT (trigeminal)

A

VPM- somatosensory cortex

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39
Q

brachium of the inferior colliculus

A

(MGN) medial geniculate thalamic nuclei- auditory cortex (transverse temporal gyri)

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40
Q

optic tract

A

(LGN) lateral geniculate thalamic nuclei - visual cortex

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41
Q

mammilothalamic tract

A

anterior thalamic nuclei (cingulate gyrus)

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42
Q

major subdivisions of diencephalon

A

HEDS

epithalamus (pineal, stria medullaris),
dorsal thalamus,
subthalamus (subthalamic nucleus)
hypothalamus

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43
Q

major subdivisions of dorsal thalamus

A

MITrI

internal medullary lamina (anterior, medial, lateral)
intralaminar nuclei
thalamic reticular nuclei
midline nuclei

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44
Q

3 functional groups of the thalamus

A

specific/relay nuclei
association nuclei
non-specific

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45
Q

association nuclei parts of the thalamus

A

lateral posterior, pulvinar, dorsomedial

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46
Q

non-specific nuclei parts of thalamus

A

intralaminar & thalamic reticular

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47
Q

groupings of LMN

A

medial- axial muscles
lateral- distal
dorsal- flexor
ventral-extensor

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48
Q

what to LMNs release?

A

acetylcholine (onto nicotinic receptors)

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49
Q

motor unit

A

all muscle fibers innervated by a LMN

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50
Q

size principle

A

LMNs are recruited in order of size & force (S-unit recruited first)

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51
Q

upper motor neurons are part of which tracts

A

corticospinal and corticobulbular neurons

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52
Q

type of muscle fiber

A

s- I- red- more mitochondria & capillaries
fr- IIa- white
ff- IIb- white

53
Q

4 control systems of lower motor neurons in the spinal cord

A

reflex & pattern generators
descending pathways (e.g. CST)
higher cortical centers
bg and cerebellum (planning)

54
Q

neurotransmitter of CST

A

glutamate (all excitatory)

55
Q

part of internal capsule CST passes through

A

posterior limb

56
Q

lesion of CST in internal capsule affects the ___ side; affects _____

A

contralateral ; dexterity

57
Q

where does the anterior corticospinal tract (ACST) come from?

A

the 10% of CST fibers that don’t cross

58
Q

characteristics of upper vs. lower MN damage

A

upper- stiff, no twitches

lower- weak, small muscle, twitches

59
Q

which CN’s have NO corticobulbar innervation

A

3, 4, 6 (eyes!)

60
Q

corticobulbar tract descends ___ to the CST

A

anterior

61
Q

UMNs for cranial nerve nuclei

A

7 for lower face- unilateral
5, 12- weakly bilateral
7 for upper face, 9, 10- bilateral

62
Q

CBT descends via the ___ of the internal capsule

A

genu

63
Q

striatum is made up of

A

caudate and putamen (& NAcc)

64
Q

lentiform nucleus is made up of

A

putamen and globus pallidus

65
Q

input vs. output of basal ganglion

A

input- excitatory- glutamate

output- inhibitory- GABA

66
Q

BG circuits

A

motor loop- learned movements
occulomotor loop- voluntary saccades
cognitive loop- motor intention
limbic loop- emotional

“Mighty obvious cognitive loops”

67
Q

globus pallidus projects to the thalamus via the

A

ansa lenticularis

68
Q

the predominant neurons of the striatal system are

A

GABAergic

69
Q

afferents (and 1 efferent) of inferior cerebellar peduncle

A

inferior olivary nucleus
vestibular nucleus
spinal cord

vestibular nuclei

70
Q

afferent & efferent of superior cerebllar peduncle

A

ASCT

deep cerebellar nuclei

71
Q

3 layers of the cerebellum

A

molecular, purkinje, granular

72
Q

deep cerebellar nuclei

A

fastigial nucleus & interposed nuclei & dentate nucleus

FID

73
Q

where does the fastigial nucleus go?

A

vestibular nuclei & MLF

74
Q

input of fastigial nucleus

A

flocculonodular & vermis lobe

75
Q

input of interposed nucleus

A

medial hemisphere

76
Q

where does interposed nucleus go?

A

red nucleus to rubrospinal tract (x2)

77
Q

where does the dentate project to?

A

red nucleus to thalamus (VL) and inferior olive - CLIMBING FIBERS

78
Q

input of dentate nucleus

A

lateral hemisphere

79
Q

mossy fibers synapse on ___, which sends off _____

A

granular cell, parallel fiber

80
Q

climbing fibers come from

A

contralateral inferior olivary nucleus

81
Q

climbing fibers are excitatotry/inhibitory while purkinje cells excite/inhibit deep nuclei

A

excitatory, inhibit

82
Q

which causes more excitation, mossy fibers or climbing fibers

A

climbing fiber

83
Q

direct pathway involves internal/external globus pallidus

A

internal

84
Q

types of cortex

A

neocortex- most of cortex (6 layers)
archicortex- hippocampus
paleocortex telencephalon base, olfactory

85
Q

role of reticular system; where are they located

A

adjusts the responsiveness of the brain/coordinating system between sensory and motor; located within the brainstem

86
Q

characteristics of pyramidal cells

A
  • long apical & basal dendrites; - are the axons which LEAVE the cortex;
  • excitatory (glutamate)
  • have dendritic spines that are selectively modified by learning
87
Q

agranular vs. granular areas of the cortex

A

large pyramidal (5) vs. small neuron

88
Q

where things cross- frontal lobe

A

genu/anterior CC

89
Q

where things cross- parietal lobe

A

posterior CC

90
Q

where things cross- occipital lobe & and part of temporal

A

splenium of the CC

91
Q

where things cross- temporal lobe & olfactory system

A

anterior commissure

92
Q

examples of primary neocortical areas

A

primary motor, primary somatosensory, primary visual, primary auditory

93
Q

unimodal association examples

A

premotor cortex, supplementary motor, somatosensory, visual

94
Q

multimodal association areas

A

parieto-occipital-temporal region, prefrontal areas, limbic areas

95
Q

an example of disconnection syndrome

A

alexia without agraphia

96
Q

which areas have fibers that do not cross in the CC

A

hands, area 17 (vision), temporal lobe that goes through AC

97
Q

role of cerebral cortex

A

analyze, plan, and initiate responses

98
Q

broca’s lesion

A

non-fluent verbal fluency
poor repetition
good verbal comprehension
poor verbal naming

99
Q

wernicke’s lesion

A

fluent verbal fluency
poor repetition
poor comprehension
poor verbal naming

100
Q

conduction lesion

A

fluent verbal fluency
poor repetition
good comprehension
poor verbal naming

101
Q

ARAS role

A

level of alertness, sleep-wake rhythms, startle reactions

102
Q

definition of consciousness

A

a state of self-awareness in which it is possible to direct and manipulate abstract ideas

103
Q

lateral hypothalamus produces _____, which ________

A

orexin, stabilizes wake states & keeps REM from occurring

104
Q

body’s internal clock

A

SCN

105
Q

what time of CNS neurons have the largest territorial distribuation?

A

serotonergic projections

106
Q

role of sleep

A

consolidation, growth, restoration

107
Q

areas the brainstem acts on to promote sleep

A

basal forebrain, hypothalamus, thalamus

108
Q

symptoms of MS, pathway affected

A

demyelination of MLF, babinski sign, double vision

109
Q

role of hypothalamus

A

maintaining homeostasis; visceral function (feeding, drinking, autonomic and endocrine functions, sexual and emotional behavior)

110
Q

important nuclei of the hypothalamus

A

arcuate nucleus (stress)
SCN (bio clock)
PVN (hormones)
mamillary nucleus (memory)

111
Q

inputs to the hypothalamus

A 
fornix (memory)
stria terminalis (amygdala) 
medial forebrain bundle (VTA/mesolimbic- dopamine)
112
Q

3 important monoamines

A

dopamine, norepinephrine, seratonin

113
Q

2 dopaminergic systems

A

nigrostriatal, mesolimbic (VTA)

114
Q

the ____ connects the hippocampus and hypothalamus

A

fornix

115
Q

papez circuit

A

mammillary body of hypothalamus –> anterior nucleus of the thalamus –> cingulate gyrus –> hippocampus

116
Q

function of the papez circuit

A

limbic regulation/ emotion

117
Q

added on to papez circuit

A

amygdala, prefrontal cortex, association cortex, hypothalamus

118
Q

pituitary is controlled by hypothalamus; have direct vs. indirect pituitary control

A

posterior (neurohypophysis) vs. anterior (adenohypohysis)

119
Q

servomechanism

A

hypothalamus determines set point, has controlling elements and feedback detectors

120
Q

types of biological rythms

A

ultradian, circadian, infradian, circannual

121
Q

which part of the hypothalamus is right next to the posterior cerebral artery (PCA)?

A

mammillary body- get double vision

122
Q

injury to temporal lobe causes which visual field defect

A

pie in the sky

123
Q

if the PCA knocks out the cerebral cortex, you get which visual defect

A

macular sparing

124
Q

bony shell which forms cochlea

A

modilous

125
Q

what gyrus is right above corpus callosum and what does it do? what is it continuous with?

A

cingulate gyrus; is part of limbic cortex, connects with entorhinal cortex which projects back to hippocampus

126
Q

what divides the occipital lobe

A

calcarine sulcus

127
Q

function of superior parietal lobule

A

integration of sensory and motor functions (lesion you get apraxia- can conduct purposeful movements)

128
Q

temporal gyri

A

superior- auditory
middle- motion
inferior- faces

SHB ME (7 decks)

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