Test 3 Study Guide

Question 1

What is the difference between legally blind and visually impaired/partially sighted people?

Answer 1

Legally blind: If a person’s vision in the better eye, even with glasses or contact lenses, is no better than 20/200 or if their visual field has a maximum diameter of 20 degrees
Visually impaired/partially sighted: A serious loss of vision that cannot be corrected by medical procedures or conventional eyeglasses

Question 2

Levels of visual impairment: acuity and visual field

Answer 2

Acuity: The amount of detail an individual sees compared to what a person with normal vision sees.
Visual field: Includes the entire area that can be seen at one time with the fixed eye.

Question 3

Ocular dominance; the Miles test

Answer 3

The tendency to prefer visual input from one eye to the other. Miles test measures left eye vs. right eye dominance when you hold your hands in a triangle and close one eye and see which one stays constant.

Question 4

Tunnel vision and peripheral vision

Answer 4

Tunnel vision: Can see straight ahead, but not on the sides
Peripheral vision: Can only see the sides, and not ahead

Question 5

What are the symptoms and causes of major types of visual impairments: cataracts, glaucoma, and diabetic retinopathy?

Answer 5

Cataracts: Lens becomes milky or cloudy. Primary cause of blindness among older adults (caused by normal changes in eye when you get older). Easy to remove with outpatient surgeries. Symptoms - blurred vision, poor night vision, need for bright lights when reading
Glaucoma: Caused by the increased pressure within the eyeball. Symptoms - loss of peripheral vision, sensitivity to light and glare.
Diabetic retinopathy: Caused by diabetes as it causes changes in blood vessels in retina that cause hemorrhaging. Symptoms - Spots floating in visual field

Question 6

What are the major causes of visual impairments (in general)?

Answer 6

1. Aging
2. Congenital (Born w/ visual impairment
3. Disease
4. Accidents
5. Stupidity!

Question 7

Sighted guide technique

Answer 7

-A blind person’s right hand will grip your left elbow
-Keep your arm close to your body
-Blind person will travel half-step behind you
-Keep person aware of conditions or changes in surroundings
-Place the person who is blind’s hand on a seat when you are guiding them to sit down so they can seat themselves

Question 8

What is the difference between hearing impairment, deafness, and being hard-of-hearing?

Answer 8

Hearing impairment: General term used to describe all types of hearing loss
Deafness: State occurring when a person is unable to understand speech through the ear alone
Hard-of-hearing: People who have mild to moderate hearing loss

Question 9

Pre-lingual and post-lingual hearing loss

Answer 9

Pre-lingual hearing loss: Occurs before speech develops
Post-lingual hearing loss: After child/adult learned to speak

Question 10

Rh incompatibility

Answer 10

Mom has negative protein, dad has positive protein, and child has positive protein. Mom develops antibodies to child’s positive protein/genes and if it happens again she is immune but it has a high-chance of affecting the second baby. Babies blood enters mothers bloodstream and it thinks it’s a disease. Rhesus disease.

Question 11

What are the causes of conductive, sensorineural, and central hearing loss?

Answer 11

Conductive hearing loss: Can happen in outer ear or middle ear. Causes - obstruction in ear canal (ear wax), puncture of eardrum, otosclerosis (softening of 3 bones in middle ear).
Sensorineural hearing loss: Happens in cochlea. Cause - aging, congenital issues, high levels of noise, RH conflict, high fevers in childhood
Central hearing loss: Pathways to brain or brain itself is damaged. Causes - tumor, accidents

Question 12

Communication with people with hearing impairments

Answer 12

-Get their attention (tap on arm/shoulder)
-Speak clearly and distinctly at a normal rate and volume
-Be expressive!
-Prevent distractions
-Position yourself (well-lit face)

Question 13

Working with a sign language interpreter

Answer 13

-Always look at and speak directly to the person with a hearing impairment
-Always speak in the first person. Do not say “tell him” or “ask her”
-Do not ask the interpreter to interpret select portions of what you said
-Make sure the person with a hearing impairment can clearly see both the interpreter and the speaker
-Hand all materials to the person with a hearing impairment, not to the interpreter
-Speak normally, rely on the interpreter to let you know if there is a need to slow down or pause
-When giving visual handouts, allow time to review the printed materials whether before or after the explanation

Question 14

What is autism and what are its symptoms?

Answer 14

Autism: A complex developmental disability that involves a number of specific communication, social, and behavioral impairments.
Causes- No idea what causes it! Different stories

Question 15

What are the common impairments associated with autism?

Answer 15

Common impairments with autism: vocabulary decreases, lack of social play, inability to communicate, lack of eye contact, tantrums, problems with verbal/nonverbal communication, special talents, running and getting lost, body movements

Question 16

Definitions, classifications, and diagnosis of intellectual disability/mental retardation

Answer 16

Old classification- Based on IQ below 70/75 means intellectual disability
New classification- Based on the IQ, adaptive skills (Impairment in at least 2 areas (social, community, personal, health/safety, functional academics, leisure)), and time of onset (Diagnosed prior to age of 18)

Question 17

What are the causes of intellectual disability/mental retardation (non-organic and organic)?

Answer 17

Non-organic causes: no medical cause or external force (NO KNOWN causes)
Organic causes: KNOWN external force or cause

Question 18

Diagnosis and symptoms of fetal alcohol syndrome

Answer 18

An organic cause (KNOWN) for intellectual disability/mental retardation caused by mother drinking alcohol while pregnant. Symptoms- child has wide nasal bridge, eyes closely set, thin upper lip, flat filtrum, growth deficiency, simian crease

Question 19

What is Down syndrome?

Answer 19

Caused by genetics, people that have one extra chromosome

Question 20

Mental retardation and aging

Answer 20

People with an intellectual disability tend to age faster. Ex. Alzheimer’s disease appears around age of 40 in ppl w/ intellectual disabilities. Dementia typically appears around age of 65.

Question 21

Considerations for providing leisure and recreation services for people with intellectual disability/mental retardation

Answer 21

-Inability to handle multiple instructions at once
-Significantly lower strength
-High obesity rates
-Slower performance
-More time needed to learn skills

Question 22

Atlantoaxial instability

Answer 22

-Greater than normal mobility of 2 upper cervical vertebrae (neck)
-Exclude children from activity that has stress on the neck, like ppl with Down syndrome

Question 23

What is epilepsy and what are its symptoms?

Answer 23

A chronic medical condition caused by temporary changes in the electrical functioning of the brain. Cause seizures, which affect awareness, movement, or sensation. Symptoms- seizures

Question 24

What are the major causes of epileptic disorders?

Answer 24

Causes- genetics, stroke, blow to head, brain damage, diagnosed later in life

Question 25

Generalized and partial seizures; grand mal, petit mal, and Jacksonian seizures

Answer 25

Generalized seizures: involve both hemispheres of the brain
Grand mal seizures (complete loss of consciousness)
Petit mal seizures (brief period of fixation/absences, stare into space, not responding to external stimuli
Partial seizures: involves one hemisphere of the brain
Jacksonian seizure (shaking in one part of limb and it spreads to entire part of the body)

Question 26

Treatment during a grand mal seizure

Answer 26

-Ease the person to the floor
-Turn the person gently onto one side to help the person breathe
-Clear the area around the person of anything hard or sharp to prevent injury
-Put something soft and flat, like a folded jacket, under their head
-Remove eyeglasses
-Loosen ties or anything around the neck that may make it hard to breathe
-Time the seizure (Call 911 if it lasts longer than 5 minutes)

Question 27

What is stroke?

Answer 27

Damage to the brain from interruption of blood supply. 3rd leading cause of death.

Question 28

The progress of stroke; ischemic cascade, transient ischemic attacks

Answer 28

Ischemic cascade: cells receive less than 20% of normal blood, cells die and release chemicals that can kill cells in surrounding transitional zone, originates in core and spreads, medication stops it immediately
Transient ischemic attacks: brief episodes of circulatory deficiency to the cerebrum, big stroke is coming after few episodes (ex. little earthquakes before)

Question 29

What are the leading causes of stroke–uncontrollable and controllable risk factors?

Answer 29

Uncontrollable risk factors- 2/3 of strokes happen to 65+ years ppl, younger ppl can get them too!, if you had a stroke, you’re more likely to get another one, men have 42% chance of another stroke within 5 yrs, women about 24-25% chance, personal history of diabetes, family history, race (African Americans most likely)
Controllable risk factors- blood pressure, obesity, alcohol use, smoking, diet

Question 30

Forms of stroke (ischemic and hemorrhagic): cerebral thrombosis, cerebral embolism, cerebral hemorrhage

Answer 30

Ischemic strokes: Most common. Caused by blockage of an artery. Related to age (older ppl)
Cerebral thrombosis - Blood clot forms in an artery
Cerebral embolism - Blood clot travels to the brain
Hemorrhagic strokes: Strokes caused by bleeding in the brain. Not related to age
Cerebral hemorrhage - A blood vessel in the brain bursts and bleeds (aneurysm)

Question 31

What are the symptoms of stroke?

Answer 31

1. Weakness, paralysis in one side of the body (face, hands, or arms/legs)
2. Sudden or sharp dizziness
3. Trouble walking or loss of balance
4. Dimness or loss of vision in one eye
5. Loss of the ability to speak or understand speech (tipsy)
6. Sever headache without a known cause

Question 32

What are the effects of stroke? (hemiplegia, hemianopsia, aphasia (receptive and expressive))

Answer 32

Hemiplegia- paralysis or weakness in one side of the body, or both
Hemianopsia- half of visual field disappears
Aphasia- disorder that affects how you communicate
Receptive aphasia- person can no longer receive, but can express themselves
Expressive aphasia- can understand, but can’t respond
THINK OPPOSITE, what CHARACTERISTICS the APHASIAS are LACKING

Question 33

Treatment and dealing with stroke patients

Answer 33

-Call 911
-NEVER drive to the hospital
-Learn signs and symptoms to receive proper care

Question 34

What are the types of mental illness–psychosis and neurosis?

Answer 34

Psychosis- (more severe) e.g. manic-depressive disorder, schizophrenia
Neurosis- (more common) mild depression, mild anxiety, phobias, obsessional behavior

Question 35

What is the difference between mental illness and intellectual disability/mental retardation?

Answer 35

Mental retardation: developmental disability that affects the development of a person’s intellectual potential
Mental illness: NOT a developmental disability and DOES NOT directly impact intellectual capacity

Question 36

What is depression and bipolar disorder and what are their symptoms?

Answer 36

Depression: Major depressive episodes are characterized by at least 5 of 9 symptoms displayed within a 2 week period, with at least one of the symptoms being either depressed mood or loss of interest in pleasure Symptoms- sleep disturbance, disturbance in eating patterns, fatigue, feelings of worthlessness, indecisiveness, psychomotor agitation, thoughts of death or suicide
Bipolar disorder: A mental illness characterized by mood swings from period of extreme changes in energy levels and behavior. Symptoms- (Manic phase) feeling like you’re on top of the world, talk fast, sense of self-importance, reckless, excessive spending, heightened mood, inappropriate behavior. (Depression phase) stop taking medication sometimes

Question 37

What is schizophrenia and what are its symptoms?

Answer 37

A psychotic illness in which people experience hallucinations, abnormal emotions, impaired thinking, and behavioral changes. Symptoms- Positive symptoms (in addition to something) Negative symptoms (lack something) social withdrawal, loss of energy, quiet, apathetic

Question 38

Thought disorders, delusions (paranoid delusions and broadcasting) and hallucinations

Answer 38

Thought disorders- Disorganized thinking, disorganized speech
Delusions- Belief in something that is not real
Paranoid Delusion- ex. somebody is conspiring against you
Broadcasting- belief that other people are hearing your thoughts
Hallucinations- can be felt, seen, or heard

Question 39

What is generalized anxiety disorder and what are its symptoms?

Answer 39

Excessive, unrealistic worry that lasts 6 months or more + physical symptoms (worry about any and everything) Symptoms- dizziness, irritability, stomach upsets

Question 40

What is panic disorder and what are its symptoms?

Answer 40

Severe attacks of panic + physical symptoms. Symptoms- feels like you’re dying (choking, can’t breathe, chest pain, cold sweat, etc.)

Question 41

What is social anxiety disorder and what are its symptoms

Answer 41

Extreme anxiety about being judged by others or behaving in a way that may cause embarrassment or ridicule + physical symptoms (upset stomach)

Question 42

What are phobias and what are their symptoms?

Answer 42

Intense fear reaction to a specific object or situation

Question 43

What is separation anxiety disorder, what are its causes and symptoms?

Answer 43

The inappropriate and excessive display of fear and distress when faced with situations of separation from the home or from a specific attachment figure. Symptoms- Normal for little kids, persists after 6 yrs old, pleading, crying, tummyache, fear of being alone, kids don’t want to fall asleep, repeated temper tantrums

Question 44

What is reactive attachment disorder and what are its symptoms?

Answer 44

Characterized by serious problems in emotional attachments to others. Results from failure to form normal attachments to primary caregivers in early childhood. Symptoms- children from dysfunctional homes, cry a lot, colicky, problems eating, problems falling asleep, problems forming relationships

Question 45

What is obsessive-compulsive disorder and what are its symptoms?

Answer 45

Persistent reoccurring thoughts (obsessions); may lead to performing a routine. ex. check locks, check alarm clock, germs, etc.

Question 46

What is body dysmorphic disorder and what are its symptoms?

Answer 46

A person cannot stop thinking about a minor or imagined flaw in their appearance. It causes significant distress and impacts a person’s ability to function in daily life. Symptoms- avoid getting pictures taken, cosmetic surgeries, excessive make-up, excessive grooming

Question 47

What is PTSD and what are its symptoms?

Answer 47

Follows an exposure to a traumatic event. Symptoms- relive event (dreaming), avoid familiar situations, difficulty sleeping, irritability, emotional numbing & detachment from others, bottle up your feelings

Question 48

Eating disorders (anorexia, bulimia, pica, and orthorexia)

Answer 48

Life threatening illness in which people have a preoccupation with food and an irrational fear of becoming fat.
Anorexia- refusal to maintain a minimum body weight, intense fear of getting fat
Bulimia- binge eating, induced vomiting, excessive exercise
Pica- eating non-food substance on regular basis (glass, metal, ice cubes, paint chips, etc.)
Orthorexia- eating only healthy foods (to the extreme!) enough to affect normal behavior

Question 49

What is ADHD and what are its symptoms?

Answer 49

Inattention
lack of attention, careless mistakes, not listen when spoke to directly, doesn’t follow through on instructions, difficulty organizing, avoids sustained mental effort, switch through different activities
or hyperactivity-impulsivity
finishing sentences, blurt out answers, cut convos

Question 50

What is intermittent explosive disorder and what are its symptoms?

Answer 50

Extreme expressions of anger, often to the point of uncontrollable rage, that are disproportionate to the situation at hand. Symptoms- yell, tantrums, feel like no control, apologetic after

Question 51

What is oppositional defiant disorder and what are its symptoms?

Answer 51

An ongoing pattern of anger-guided disobedience, hostility and defiant behavior toward authority figures (usually among children of 8 yrs and younger). Symptoms- temper tantrum, often argues w/ adults, often actively defies/refuses to comply w/ adults’ requests/rules, often deliberately annoys people, often blames others for their behaviors/mistakes, often touchy or easily annoys by others, often angry or resentful, often spiteful or vindictive

Question 52

What is conduct disorders and what are its causes and symptoms?

Answer 52

Aggressive or non-aggressive behaviors against people, animals, or property that may be characterized as destructive, threatening, physically cruel, deceitful, disobedient, or dishonest. Symptoms- Aggression to people or animals, destruction of property, deceitfulness or theft, serious violation of rules

Question 53

What is antisocial personality disorder and what are its causes and symptoms?

Answer 53

A pervasive pattern or disregard for, or violation of social norms and rights of others. There may be a history of crime, legal problems, impulsive and aggressive behavior. Does NOT mean social withdrawal. Symptoms- Unlawful behaviors, deception/deceit, impulsivity, failure to plan ahead, irritability/aggressiveness, consistent irresponsibility

Question 54

What are the symptoms of psychopathy (Factor 1 and Factor 2)?

Answer 54

Factor 1: Superficial charm, grandiosity, callous, manipulation
Factor 2: Criminal behavior, impulsivity, lack of long term goals, early behavioral problems, juvenile delinquency

Question 55

What is narcissistic personality disorder and what are its symptoms?

Answer 55

A pervasive pattern of grandiosity (in fantasy or behavior), need for admiration, and lack of empathy. Symptoms- Grandiose sense of self-importance, exaggerates achievements, beliefs of being special or unique, excessive admiration, etc.

Question 56

What is borderline personality disorder and what are its symptoms?

Answer 56

A pervasive pattern of instability in interpersonal relationships, self-image, and affects, and marked impulsivity. Symptoms- Fear of abandonment, unstable self-image, impulsivity (drugs, drinking), control and manipulate people, threaten with self harm or suicide, anger, unhappiness, irritability, temper tantrums, emptiness, depression

Question 57

What is histrionic personality disorder and what are its symptoms?

Answer 57

A pervasive pattern of excessive emotionality and attention seeking. ex. Elle Woods from Legally Blonde Symptoms- center of attentions, shallow sides of emotion, exaggerated emotions, sexually suggestive, believe everyone is their best friend, unstable views according to what the crowd thinks

Question 58

What are insomnia, narcolepsy, breathing-related disorders (sleep apnea), and circadian rhythm sleep disorder? What are their symptoms?

Answer 58

Insomnia: Inability to fall asleep or stay asleep. (poor sleep hygiene is primary cause and medical condition is secondary condition)
Narcolepsy: Sleep normal amounts but still tired and randomly goes to sleep during the day. (excessive daytime sleepiness)
Sleep apnea: abnormal pauses in breathing or instances of abnormally low breathing during sleep
Circadian rhythm sleep disorder: timing of sleep is affects (jet lag, shift work, delayed sleep phase types)