Test 2 Study Guide Flashcards
The underclass
People who belong to underclass: Long-term chronically unemployed, poor on social assistance, chronically homeless
Occupations: Sales, janitors, food service
Least resources to spend on recreation, sport, and tourism
Three types of capital
Economic - economic resources
Social - access to resources based on networks of influence and support, group membership, relationships
Cultural - education, skills, knowledge that a person has that give him or her higher status in society, including high expectations
The ways in which socio-economic status and capital affect leisure and sport participation
Lower socioeconomic status means limited opportunities such as unavailability to travel or access more expensive sports equipment, less capital means inability to join prestigious clubs. Income also depends on where you live and what sports are played in those locations and access to quality parks/recreation facilities, cultural capital affects what skills you have for different activities
Defining poverty (Census definition and relative poverty)
Census: Census Bureau uses a set of money income thresholds that vary by family size and composition to determine who is in poverty (If family total income is less than family threshold, then the family and individuals are considered in poverty)
Relative poverty: 1. (Community) Rank order all people of community according to income ex. draw line @ 10-20% of ppl in lowest incomes are considered poor. 2. People considered poor are those who don’t have acceptable standard of living according to community norms
Poverty rates in the U.S.
Poverty rate in 2018 was 11.8% (38.1 million ppl below poverty line)
Spatial distribution of poverty in the U.S.
- Lower Mississippi Valley
- Southeast U.S.
- Appalachian Belt
- Four Corners
- Native American Reservations
- Rio Grande Valley
Forced leisure and true leisure
Forced leisure: no choice for leisure
True leisure: make choice to enjoy leisure
Benefits of leisure for the unemployed
Structure time, satisfactions, social connections, search for job opportunities, physically & mentally healthy, higher self-esteem
Homelessness rates in the U.S.
1% of U.S. population ~ 3-3.2 million
Reasons for homelessness
Divorce, unexpected bills, evicted, illness, lose job, substance abuse, runaways, choose to be, veterans (20% of homeless pop.)
Characteristics of homeless people (who are the people who are homeless?)
- African-Americans 42%
- White 39%
- Hispanics 13%
Locations: - Washington D.C.
- New York
- Oregon
- California
- Washington
- Alaska
- Nevada
Racial/ethnic background:
Single men (largest group), families w/ children, single women, unaccompanied youth, veterans, mental illness, substance abuse
Stages of homelessness
Stage 1 - (Marginally homeless)
Near or slightly below, rely on friends/family for accommodations
Stage 2 - (Recently homeless)
Been w/o house for less than a year, temporary, rely on shelter, not many substance abuse/mental health issues
Stage 3 - (Chronically homeless)
Stereotypical homeless ppl, dirty clothes, been w/o home for more than a year, disabling condition, 4 instances of homelessness in last 3 years
Benefits of leisure for the homeless
lots of stress/anxiety @ shelters, mind off problems, give something to do, maintain connection w/ community, regain control of their lives, mental/physical health, improve job skills
Recreation programs for the homeless (by the homelessness stage)
Stage 1 - Don’t need specialized programs (Discounts, passes, soup kitchens)
Stage 2 - Computer games, resume building, rec. centers, field trips, physical activities
Stage 3 - Convince to go to shelters, maintain sobriety, stay clean - THEN they can integrate w/ everyone else in their community
The number and proportion of older adults in the U.S.
In 2020, 16.9% of U.S. population over 65 years of age (55.5 million)
Reasons for the growth of the elderly population
- Baby boom generation is retiring
- Increase in life expectancy
- Decrease in fertility rates
Geographic distribution of older adults
Florida, Arizona, Nevada, New Mexico, Middle areas in U.S. farmer areas (North Dakota, South Dakota, Nebraska, etc.)
Sources of income among older adults
- Social Security
- Earnings
- Pensions
- Asset income
Old age dependency
FORMULA - (pop. 65+ yrs/pop. 20-64 yrs)*100
Functional versus chronological age
Functional age - Ability to carry out activities of daily living; ability to live independently
Chronological age - Actual age
Social construction of aging
A society has certain assumptions of capabilities, roles and responsibilities, rights and privileges based on age
Physical changes related to aging – sensory system, musculoskeletal system, cardiovascular system,
respiratory system, and nervous system.
Sensory system - smell, hearing, vision, touch, taste all go down
Musculoskeletal system - Bones, muscles, ligaments, cartilage; elasticity of connective tissues declines; bones lose calcium (osteoporosis); decline in muscle mass and strength
Respiratory system - Loss of elasticity, hardening of support tissues and airways; decreased amount of air in and out of the lungs; RESERVE CAPACITY of lungs declines (air left in your lungs after you breathe out); lower ability to cope with air pollutants
Cardiovascular system - Heart muscle becomes less elastic (heart pumps harder, blood pressure goes up); walls of heart thicken; arteries become less elastic (atherosclerosis)
Cocktail party effect
Inability to distinguish foreground sound from background conversation
Cognitive changes related to aging – intelligence (fluid and crystallized); memory (sensory, short-term
and long-term)
Fluid intelligence - Biologically determined (genes), decreases with age, average IQ of both parents or less
Crystallized intelligence - Based on learning, accumulated knowledge, increases w/ age
Fluid intelligence goes down while crystallized intelligence goes up (increases)
Sensory memory - stimuli received by touch, taste, smell, etc.
Short-term memory (primary) - where information from sensory memory is temporarily stored
Long-term memory (secondary) - part of brain where information is put into long-term storage
Life span versus life expectancy; factors affecting life expectancy
Life span - maximum # of years for the human species
Life expectancy - projected # of years a person is expected to live based on their genetic heritage and environmental conditions
The use of leisure time by older adults (how older adults use their leisure time and determinants of time
use) - AR
Use of leisure time - not much drastic change in leisure participation among older adults.
Women are more involved in social and public service activities than men.
Men remain more active in physical activities.
Both genders decrease active leisure participation with age but more so on onset of disability
Sedentary (passive) leisure activities are more common.
Socializing with family and friends is also common
Determinants of time use - age and health status, gender, education level/socioeconomic status, marital status, and life events (retirement and caregiving)
Theories of aging and activity (disengagement theory, activity theory, continuity theory, successful
aging) - AR
Disengagement theory - During later life, adults begin to detach from activities they enjoy the most to prepare for eventual death
Activity theory - The way to achieve greater life satisfaction in older adulthood is through increased participation in activities
Continuity theory - Individual’s preferences for activities do not necessarily change just by reaching older adulthood
Successful aging - Characterized by ability of adults to 1. Avoid disease 2. Maintain high physical and cognitive function 3. Continue engagement in life
Core and balance leisure activities
Core leisure activities - stable participation throughout lifespan (ex. watch TV, go out and socialize, go for a walk)
Balance leisure activities - participation of activities changes depending on the roles and responsibilities you assume (ex. any type of sport, vigorous exercise, traveling, hunting + fishing)
Leisure motivations among older adults
Health becomes more important (physical/mental), maintain social networks, look younger
Leisure constraints among older adults
Mental/physical capabilities decline, social networks decrease, physical barriers, social pressures, fear of injury
Differences between disability, impairment, and handicap
Disability - CULTURAL, cause of physical Any restriction or lack (results from impairment) of ability to perform an activity in the manner or within range considered normal for a human being (ex. inability to walk, sitting disability)
Impairment - PHYSICAL Any loss or abnormality of psychological, physiological, or anatomical structure or function (ex. severed spine, broken leg, spina bifida)
Handicap - SOCIAL A disadvantage for a given individual that limits or prevents the fulfillment of a role that is normal
What is arthritis and what are its symptoms?
Inflammation of joints resulting in stiffness, swelling, redness, and pain
The difference between osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis
Osteoarthritis - (wear and tear arthritis) affects lining of joints
Rheumatoid arthritis - (auto-immune disorder) affects heart, skin, stomach
Providing leisure services for people with arthritis
Water activities (move joints)
What is cerebral palsy and what are its symptoms?
Damage to motor portion of brain caused during childbirth or pregnancy, highly intelligent people
The difference between spastic, dyskinetic, and ataxic cerebral palsy
Spastic CP - stiff muscles (more common)
Dyskinetic CP - twisting, abrupt movements
Ataxic CP - problems with balance and walking
What is multiple sclerosis and what are its symptoms?
Disease of central nervous system.
Difficult to diagnose as it comes and goes, varies
Symptoms: weakness, numbness/tingling, white spots, depression
What is muscular dystrophy and what are its symptoms?
Progressive degeneration and weakness of voluntary muscles
Types of muscular dystrophy
- Childhood muscular dystrophy (Duchenne M.D.)
Affects only boy by age of 5 most 3 and always fatal. Posture changes - Limb-Girdle muscular dystrophy
Shoulder and back affected (boys & girls affected) - Facio-scapulohumeral muscular dystrophy
Face muscles affected - progresses down to shoulders, up to late 20’s diagnosed
What is poliomyelitis and what are its symptoms?
Starts with virus that affects central nervous system (paralysis), can get it anytime
Symptoms: varies, paralyzed legs, minor polio (fingers, legs)
What is spina bifida and what are its signs and symptoms?
one or more vertebral arches fail to close in spinal cord, everything below injury is affected
What are the differences between spina bifida occulta and spina bifida manifesta? Two types of spina
bifida manifesta.
Spina bifida occulta - small gap in spine (mildest type) but no opening or sac
Spina bifida manifesta - 2 types (both have sacs)
Meningocele - spinal cord not in sac
Myelomeningocele - spinal cord and fluid IS in sac
What are the causes of traumatic brain injuries?
Falls, vehicle-related collisions, violence, sports injuries, explosive blasts and other combat injuries
What is CTE? What are its causes and symptoms?
Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy - A progressive degenerative disease within the brain from several repeated TBIs
Symptoms: Memory loss, erratic behavior, aggression, impaired judgment, etc. (has led to murders! ex. Aaron Hernandez)
What is the difference between impact and motion injury?
Impact injury - a moving object striking a stationary head or moving head striking a stationary object (ex. falling off bike (head hits pavement), brick/baseball bat hits head)
Motion injury - involves the sudden acceleration/deceleration of the brain within the skull (ex. car crash, shaken baby syndrome, sports injuries)
What is the difference between closed head and open head TBI?
Closed head TBI - an injury that does not penetrate or fracture the skull (ex. trip, fall, hit skull but don’t crack skull)
Open head TBI - the entry of an object (ex. bullet, knife) into the brain through the skull or an inward cracking of the skull
Name 4 brain lobes (+ brain stem and cerebellum) and describe major bodily functions they are
responsible for. Types of major impairments associated with TBI of each of these lobes, brain stem, and
cerebellum.
Frontal lobe - (Emotional Control Center)
changes in personality and social behavior
Temporal lobe - hearing ability
Parietal lobe - awareness of spatial relationships
Occipital lobe - visual perception
+ Cerebellum - memory, walking, balance
Brain stem - IMPORTANT VITALS, breathing, heart rate, swallowing
What are the major causes of spinal cord injuries?
- Motor vehicle accidents 39%
- Falls 30%
- Acts of violence 14%
- Sport injuries 8%
- Other 8%
What is vertebra? What are the major sections of vertebra and bodily functions they are responsible for?
Definition: each of the series of small bones in the spine
Cervical vertebra - top of neck to top of rib, head and neck and hands, etc.
Thoracic vertebra - top rib to bottom rib (chest and stomach) chest and abdominals
Lumbar vertebra - full control over chest and abdominal muscles (wear and tear caused by lifting heavy and most common) legs muscles
Sacral vertebra - pelvis to end of spine, bladder and sexual function
What are the disabilities caused by damage to cervical, thoracic, lumbar, and sacral vertebra?
Cervical - loss of feeling in anything head, neck, and below (quadriplegia)
Thoracic - loss of feeling in chest, abdomen and below (trouble breathing, pneumonia), includes legs too
Lumbar - loss of feeling in legs and below (numbness or weakness)
Sacral - loss of function in hips, legs, and sexual organs, and involuntary bladder functions
What is the difference between paraplegia and quadriplegia?
Paraplegia - 2. legs affected/lower torso, but arms are fine
Quadriplegia - 4. arms and legs affected
What are the main causes of death among people with SCIs?
- Pulmonary causes (infections)
pneumonia
fluid accumulates in lungs - Heart disease
- Violence
What are the new types of treatments for SCIs
Working on a cure. Exoskeletons! Electrical stimulus to nerves, regrow nerves
