Test 1 Study Guide Flashcards
Core dimensions of diversity
Traits or characteristics you are born with and are difficult to change
Secondary dimensions of diversity
Traits or characteristics you aren’t born with and are easier to change
Barriers encountered by multicultural customers
- Consumer racism - receiving substandard service
- Employee unease, frustration, and impatience with diverse customers
- Products & policies not developed with multicultural audience in mind
Needs of multicultural costumers
- Be a good observer and learn from your mistakes!
- Lower language barrier
- Learn as much as possible about different cultures
- Learn about demographics of your area
- Learn about who is employed @ your agency and how they interact with the customers!
What is inclusion?
A way of being with others that is welcoming, respectful, and values experience, knowledge, and abilities of others
Barriers to inclusion
Negative attitudes of others who lack exposure to or interaction with people from diverse groups
1. Transportation
2. Structural
3. Economic
4. Social and attitudinal
5. Psychological
6. Communication
7. Programmatic accommodations
Benefits of inclusion
Provides opportunities to develop greater awareness and sensitivity to similarities and differences of people who come from diverse groups.
Better friends, more effective allies, and more compassionate human beings.
Experience firsthand the benefits of interacting with various people, hear diverse perspectives, firsthand accounts of people’s abilities, and personal stories of mistreatment as a result of one’s diversity
Antecedents of beliefs
Conditions that set the stage for beliefs to develop. i.e. why people believe these things! (parents, church, society, etc.)
Beliefs
Involve what people perceive to be true
Attitudes
A learned predisposition to respond in a consistently favorable or unfavorable manner with respect to a given object. OR
The enduring positive or negative feelings about some person, object, or issue.
Behaviors
Any observable or measurable act, response or movement by an individual
Stereotypes
A standardized mental picture held in common by members of a group that represents an oversimplified opinion, attitude, or judgement
Prejudice
A negative attitude toward a socially defined group and toward any person perceived to be a member of that group. (How you feel about someone that is NEGATIVE)
Discrimination
The translation into consequential behavior of prejudicial beliefs.
Occurs when the object of prejudice is placed at a disadvantage not merited by his own misconduct.
Actions or practices carried out by members of dominant racial or ethnic group that have a differential and negative impact on members of subordinate racial or ethnic groups.
Displacement/scapegoat
Ex. If a woman has a fight with her boyfriend, she may come home and kick her dog for a minor misbehavior. The dog, then, is her scapegoat and is paying the price for the fight with the boyfriend.
Authoritarian personality
Ex. Freud suggested that childhood experiences, especially those with parents, lead to people’s attitudes as adults. For example, if children have a very strict authoritarian parent, they will learn to suppress thoughts, feelings, and actions which might be considered immoral (e.g., aggression or sex drive).
Categorization & Stereotyping
Categorization is a process in which an individual is identified as a member of an outgroup and treated as if the characteristics of the outgroup applied to him personally. Categorization often leads to stereotyping which can be a direct cause of prejudice acquisition.
Socialization & Conformity
The way someone is socialized can affect their beliefs, attitudes, and behaviors towards a certain group of people which may result in prejudice along with mass media and sociocultural norms.
Perceived racial threat theory
Individuals develop prejudicial attitudes toward people who they perceive pose a threat to their economic, cultural, political and social position
Contact theory
Racism is a direct result of the lack of equal-status contacts between members of two distinct groups. Spatial and psychological isolation of ethnic/racial groups fuels development of mutual misconceptions and creation of racial stereotypes that further restrict the opportunity for future contacts between groups.
Value systems, cultural norms and ideologies
A. Racist beliefs are an integral part of the American value system (white supremacy, propriety claim, and racial superiority derived from the South)
B. Racism is a divergence from the American value system. Practice that makes individuals unable to live up to cultural expectations.
Realistic conflict
Subordinate group constitutes a real and tangible threat to the dominant group’s practices and to the resources that it controls. Prejudice originates from a direct competition between the dominant and subordinate groups for control over scarce resources.
Segregation
Separation or isolation of a group or an individual in a restricted area by discriminatory means. Segregation results in members of the group, or an individual, receiving treatment that is different from other people.
Stigma
Undesired differentness which separates the person from others in a society (ex. weight, stutter, poverty, acne, etc.)
Deviancy
A person is considered deviant if he or she is perceived to be significantly different from others in some important characteristic and if this difference is negatively valued (ex. child marriage, slavery, female genital circumcision)
Self-fulfilling prophecy
The labeling of a person may result in the person’s behavior being consistent with the label (ex. People label you as a class clown, so you have to be a class clown)
Internalized oppression
The tendency of minority people to accept negative stereotyping about themselves
Spread phenomenon
An association of additional “imperfection” to a person on the bases of the actual “disabling” condition (ex. People see you are blind so they think you are deaf too)
Over-exaggeration assumption
Overestimating or “over-exaggerating” of the extent to which a person’s condition affects his or her life (ex. You see a disabled person, so you think their life revolves around being disabled)
The Architectural Barriers Act of 1968
All building/facilities built in whole/federal money has to be accessible
The Rehabilitation Act of 1973; Section 504
Prohibits discrimination against people with disabilities in programs and provides fund for people with disabilities
The Education for all Handicapped Children Act of 1975
Must be accessible to people with disabilities in school programs
Americans with Disabilities Act
All state and local public accommodations and services must be accessible to persons with disabilities, and they must be accessible in the most integrated way possible. (Churches and private clubs are exempt from ADA) Program has to be readily accessible to and usable by people with disabilities in general
Title I: Employment
Title II A: Government Service
Title II B: Public Transit
Title III: Public Accommodations
Undue burden
Significant difficulty or expense. Often used in developing ADA standardized systems. (ex. Employer might lose company money or have to layoff a bunch of knowledgable workers in order to accommodate one disabled person)
3 Types:
1. Economic (Cause a siginificant financial burden on the company)
2. Administrative (Shortage of qualified personnel)
3. Programmatic (Might result in fundamental change in nature of the program)
Service, therapy, and emotional support animals
Service animal means any DOG that is individually trained to do work or perform tasks for the benefit of an individual with a disability, including physical, sensory, psychiatric, intellectual, or other mental disability.
Under ADA service animals are allowed into public places.
Only service animals are covered under Title II and Title III of the ADA.
Emotional support animals, comfort animals, and therapy animals are NOT covered under the ADA.
Miniature horses are the exception to service animals. (Under reasonable accommodations)
The Civil Rights Act of 1964
Made racial discrimination in public places, such as theater, restaurants, and hotels illegal.
Protects constitutional rights in public facilities and public education.
Title III prohibits employment discrimination based on race, color, religion, sex, and national origin. (And now sexual orientation) EEO. People with disabilities aren’t covered under this law, this is why we have ADA.
Makes discrimination illegal in federally assisted programs
Age Discrimination Act of 1967
Prohibits employment discrimination based on age with respect to persons who are at least 40 years of age. Public safety exemption, allowing police and fire departments to use maximum hiring and mandatory retirement ages.
Ethnicity
An ethnic group is a group of people who perceive themselves and are perceived by others to share cultural traits such as language, religion, family customs, and preference in food
Race
A social group set apart by others or by itself, largely on the basis of real or perceived external characteristics
Ethnic and racial minorities predictions (2060)
White non-Hispanic - 44.3%
Hispanic - 27.5%
African American - 15%
Asian - 9.1%
Reason behind rapid rise in number of minorities in U.S.
- Higher fertility rates
- Immigration
- Change in self-identification
- Increase in multi-racial population
Hart-Celler Act of 1965 (Immigration Act)
Abolished the national-origin quotas that had been in place in the United States since 1882. Family reunification as primary criterion for admittance
IRCA Act of 1986
Immigrants who had entered the U.S. prior to 1982 and resided continuously between 1982-1986
DACA
Immigration policy started by Obama administration.
Allows certain undocumented immigrants who entered the country as minors to receive a renewable 2-year period of deferred action from deportation and a work permit.
Spatial distribution of ethnic and racial minorities
African Americans - Southeast
Hispanic Americans - Southwest near Mexico border
Asian Americans - West coast
American Indians - In reservations, Four Corners
Traditional immigrant magnet states
California
Texas
Illinois
New York
Florida
New immigrant magnet states
Nevada
Utah
Colorado
Kansas
Arkansas
Tennessee
Georgia
North Carolina
South Carolina
Alabama
Two groups of foreign-born population
- Brain drain (Asians, Indians are highly educated)
- People with low-income, low socio-economic status
Household income
Rank (highest to lowest)
1. Asians
2. White, non-Hispanic
3. All races
4. Hispanic (any race)
5. Black
Poverty rates
Rank (highest to lowest)
1. Native American
2. Black
3. Hispanic
4. White
5. Asian
Education Level
Hispanics have lower education while Whites and Asians have highest
Recreation patterns
Latinos: Preference for sedentary pastimes, family-oriented recreation, large groups of recreationists, soccer.
African-Americans: Urban pastimes, individual recreation with a peer-group, basketball.
Whites: High participation rates in “wildland activities” hiking, backpacking, camping, mountain biking. Individual participation, with a peer group or with a nuclear family.
Motivations for participation in leisure and sport
Learn about new environment.
Stay in contact with ethnic roots (first gen especially).
Get scholarships, move higher up in socio-economic status.
Barriers to participation in leisure and sport
Language
Low socio-economic status
Concentrated geographically in a certain area
Cultural preferences
Discrimination
Lack of Driver’s License
Marginality-Ethnicity Model
Difference in values, norms, and socialization patterns.
Lack of socioeconomic resources and transportation barrier.
Perceived Discrimination
Individuals’ perception of negative attitude, judgment, or unfair treatment due to their specific characteristics such as gender, race, ethnicity, and social status
Selective Acculturation
Minorities adopt strategic traits of the mainstream that help them succeed in a mainstream environment, but retain non-essential cultural traits
Ethnic Boundary Maintenace
Build and emphasize cultural differences between themselves and the mainstream population and at the same time promote cultural solidarity within their group.
History of park and recreation delivery (Assimilation and segregation)
People who “looked White” enjoyed certain privileges people of a darker skin color could not.
Classism and elevated signs of intelligence among Whites.
In the North, POC were discouraged from using city parks and recreation amenities, and from intermingling with Whites
Plessy v. Ferguson (1896)
All passenger trains in Louisiana required to provide “separate but equal” seating cars for White and Blacks - beginnings of de jure segregation
Sundown towns
All-white municipalities or neighborhoods that practiced a form of segregation by restricting people of not White Anglo-Saxon Protestant origin from residing via a combination of discriminatory local laws, intimidation, and violence.
African Americans or POC who entered or were found in sundown towns after sunset were subject to harassment, threats, and violent acts, including lynching
The Green Book
An annual, segregation-era guidebook for African-American motorists that listed locations “friendly” to travelers of color in the U.S.
Supreme Court Cases prior to the Civil Rights Act
(Mayor and City Council of Baltimore v. Dawson (1955))
Illegal to provide segregated beaches in Maryland
Holmes v. Atlanta (1955)
The city of Atlanta could no longer assign golf courses to Blacks and Whites on different days of the week
Watson v. Memphis (1963)
Desegregation of all public parks, pools, playgrounds, and recreation facilities in Memphis
The effects of segregation on leisure among ethnic/racial minorities
Different perceptions of “welcomeness”
“Encoded” regions and areas (People just know)
Racial segregation within parks
Different perceptions of wilderness in African American and Caucasian cultures (woods is peaceful to Whites, but dangerous to African-Americans)
Stacking in professional sport
“Placing athletes in certain positions based on racial stereotypes”
Self-stereotyping
Group members develop shared perceptions of themselves.
Is especially common when the attributes of a group are perceived as exceptional and advantageous to the development of positive affect (the label of a “natural athlete” is viewed positively.
It selectively reinforces group self-esteem.
Stereotype threat
Depression of performance due to the impact of negative stereotypes
Identity in sport
Because of the strong ethnic label applied to certain sports, ethnicity may lead people to develop an identity that is related to participation in sport.
Participation in sport may be viewed as self-defining.
Historical changes in sport participation in ethnic/racial communities.
Socialization into sport
Stereotypes affect parents/guardians who develop expectations for their children’s participation in sport & opportunities for participation are provided to children early in life.
Sport choices are influence by peer groups and community.
Environmental influences
Availability of opportunities in the community
Facility access
Quality of facilities
Transportation
Climate
Safety
etc.
Modeling
Preference for particular sports may be strongly influenced by highly visible sport models.
Observing family members and other people in the community engage in the activity.
The greater the similarity between the model and the observer (age, race, gender), the greater the probability that the model’s actions will be emulated.
