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Bio Basis of Behavior > Test 3: Sleep > Flashcards

Test 3: Sleep Flashcards

1
Q

Sleep is a _____ and _____

A

behavior and altered state of consciousness

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2
Q

What are the two theories of sleep?

A
  • Adaptive response

- Restorative response

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3
Q

What does the adaptive response theory of sleep say?

A
  • Sleep is a useful bx inherited from our ancestors
  • Keeps us out of harm’s way
  • Many animals only obtain food during part of the day-night cycle
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4
Q

What does the restorative response theory of sleep say?

A

Sleep accomplishes some sort of restoration from the effects of wear and tear that occur during wakefulness

  • Brain activity is reduced during SWS (delta activity)
  • Persons awakened from SWS appear groggy and confused
  • Sleep seems to help the brain function normally
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5
Q

What are the stages of sleep and how long is spent in each of them?

A

Stage 1 (transition between wake and sleep): 5%

Stage 2: 45%

Slow wave sleep:

  • Stage 3: 12%
  • Stage 4: 13%

Rapid Eye Movements (aka paradoxical sleep) 25%

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6
Q

Electroencephalogram (EEG)

A
  • An electrical brain potential
  • Electrode placed on scalp
  • Summed postsynaptic activity of cerebral neurons
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7
Q

Electromyogram (EMG)

A
  • An electrical potential from muscles recorded from an electrode placed on a muscle
  • Electrode placed on chin
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8
Q

Electro-oculogram (EOG)

A
  • An electrical potential from the eyes
  • Electrode placed on the skin around the eyes
  • Detects eye movement
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9
Q

Alpha Brain activity

A
  • Regular, smooth electrical activity
  • Medium frequency waves, 8-12 Hz
  • Associated with state of relaxation
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10
Q

Beta Brain activity

A
  • Irregular electrical activity
  • Low-amplitutde waves of 13-30 Hz
  • Associated with arousal
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11
Q

Theta Brain activity

A
  • 5-8 Hz

- Associated with drowsiness (Stage 1)

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12
Q

Delta Activity

A
  • Regular, synchronous activity
  • 1-4 Hz
  • Occurs during SWS
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13
Q

How do we know if an animal sleeps?

A

Must show periods of inactivity with raised arousal thresholds and must show sleep debt when deprived, leading to rebound sleep when deprivation is ended

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14
Q

Can you tell how much total or REM sleep an animal gets by its order?

A

No! Each is individualistic.

  • “Each of these groups show a wide and overlapping range of total and REM sleep amounts”
  • Genetic inheritance
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15
Q

Which one sleeps more: big animals or small animals?

A

Small animals. Especially for herbivores

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16
Q

Mammals have ________ amount of REM at birth and _______ with age.

A

Maximal, decrease

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17
Q

Animals that are born _______ have greater elevation in REM at birth.

A

immature

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18
Q

Animals that are born immature continue to __________________.

A

have increased REM

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19
Q

What is unihemispheric sleep and why do cetaceans (marine mammals) do it? Does it involve REM sleep?

A
  • One side of the brain sleeps at a time.
  • Allows continued breathing in water
  • No evidence for REM
  • If one hemisphere is prevented from sleeping, that hemisphere will have a rebound
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20
Q

Prolonged sleep deprivation (2-3 weeks) in rats results in ____.

A

Death

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21
Q

What are side effects of sleep deprivation in rats?

A
  • Loose ability to regulate body temp
  • Look sick
  • Stop grooming
  • Eat more
  • Loose weight
  • May disrupt immune system
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22
Q

Surprisingly, exceptional wakefulness of newborn whales and dolphins have no ______ on their development.

A

Ill-effect

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23
Q

In humans, how much of total lost slepp is recovered? Which stages are recovered first?

A
  • 1/3 to 1/2 total lost sleep is recovered.
  • SWS (stages 3&4) are recovered 1st, followed by REM
  • Little recovery of stage 2
  • Sleep quality is regained but not quantity
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24
Q

Are there long term, direct consequences of sleep deprivation in adults?

A

No

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25
Q

What is the longest sleep deprivation in adults?

A
  • 264 hours
  • 17 year old boy, wanted world record
  • Slept 15 hours, 10 hours next night, under 9 the next
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26
Q

Differences between REM sleeps in people resting in bed for 6 weeks and those who did not?

A

No difference in slow wave or REM sleep

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27
Q

Do immobile quadriplegics get different sleep than uninjured people?

A

Slightly less slow wave sleep

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28
Q

How does temperature affect sleep?

A
  • Exercise while hot and humid leads to increase in SWS
  • Control for temp, no change in sleep
  • Rise in temp of brain; head warmed with hairdryer increased slow wave sleep
29
Q

Mental activity utilizes ____ _____. _______ activity is most intense in that region

A

Frontal lobes. Delta.

30
Q

Participants taken out for a stimulating day had more or less slow wave sleep than control?

31
Q

When stimulating a participant’s hand while asleep, was there more or less delta activity in the somatosensory cortex?

32
Q

At what stages do dreams occur?

A

SWS and REM sleep

33
Q

REM seep is accompanied by ___ levels of blood flow in the visual association cortex but ____ levels in the inferior frontal cortex.

A

High. Low.

34
Q

REM eye movements resemble those made when a person _________.

A

Scans a visual image

35
Q

Nightmares can occur during ___.

A

Stage 4 of SWS

36
Q

Does the body regulate sleep via blood-borne chemicals?

A

Unlikely bc:

  • Siamese twins share circulatory system, but sleep independently
  • unihemispheric sleep; both sides of brain in same circulatory system
37
Q

Acetylcholine: location and function

A

Pons (LDT and PPT) and basal forebrain (BF)

Activation of ACh neurons produces Bx activation and cortical desynchrony

38
Q

Norepinephrine: location and function

A

NE neurons in locus coeruleus (dorsal pons) show high activity during wakefulness, low activity during sleep (zero during REM sleep)

39
Q

Serotonin: location and function

A

Stimulaiton of raphe nuclei (in reticular formation) induces arousal whereas 5-HT antagonists reduce cortical arousal

40
Q

Histamine: location and function

A

Hist neurons in TMN (in hypothalamus) project to cortex.

Antihistamines cause drowsiness

41
Q

Orexin (Hypocretin): location and function

A
  • neurons in the lateral hypothalamus project to other arousal areas (LC, raphe TMN, LDT/PPT, BF)
  • Incrases during active wake and REM
  • Decreases during quiet wake and SWS
  • Orexin plays a role in motor activity
  • Narcolepsy resutls from degeneration of orexin neurons
42
Q

What is narcolepsy?

A

Sleep appears at odd times. Sleep attack: irresistible urge to sleep during the day. Lasts 2-5 minutes and person wakes feeling refreshed

43
Q

What is cataplexy?

A

REM paralysis occurs, but the person is still conscious. Usually precipitated by strong emotional reaction.

44
Q

Why does narcolepsy occur?

A

Reduced CSF levels of orexin (immune system attacks orexin neurons) or mutation of the orexin B (hypocretin 2) receptor

45
Q

How is narcolepsy treated?

A

Modafinil (Provigil)-activates orexin neurons

46
Q

A person with narcolepsy is more likely to have a birthday in ______ and less likely in _______.

A

March, September

47
Q

What is an area that is important in the control of sleep?

A

Ventrolateral preoptic area (VLPO)

48
Q

Lesions of the VLPO lead to ___.

A

Total insomnia, leading to death.

Could also be less NREM sleep and more wake. REM-about the same.

49
Q

Electrical stimulation of the VLPO in cats induces signs of _______.

A

Drowsiness

50
Q

How does the VLPO promote sleep?

A
  • VLPO neurons contain GABA
  • Projects to arousal areas (LC, raphe, TMN, LDT/PPT)
  • Arousal areas project to VLPO (LC, raphe, TMN) and is inhibited by HIST, 5-HT, & NE
51
Q

What is the “flip-flop” switch?

A
  • VLPO is active–>inhibits wake promoting areas
  • Wake promoting areas active–> inhibit VLPO
  • Orexin may stabilize the switch
52
Q

Adenosine ______ in the BF during wake and _____ decreases during sleep.

A

Increases. Decreases

53
Q

Adenosine agonist _____ ACh neurons and _______ sleep

A

Inhibits. Increases

54
Q

The ______ is important for the control of REM sleep

55
Q

What is the first predictor of REM sleep?

A

PGO (pons, geniculate, occipital) waves

56
Q

_____ neurons in the peribrachial pons (LDT/PPT) modulate REM sleep.

A

ACh.

ACh agonist increases REM sleep
LDT/PPT Lesions reduce REM sleep

57
Q

ACh neurons project to the ______ (control of corical arousal), to the ____ (arousal and desyncrony), and to the ____ (rapid eye movements)

A

thalamus, basal forebrain, tectum

58
Q

Ach neurons project via ________ cells within medulla to the spinal cord

A

Magnocellular

Release glycine to induce REM motor paralysis or atonia

59
Q

What is REM sleep behavior disorder? (cause and symptoms)

A
  • Neurodegenerative disorder often associated with Parkinson’s disease and multiple system atrophy
  • Can be caused by brain damage to the brain stem
  • Person fails to show paralysis during REM sleep. Acts out dreams.
  • Different from sleep walking (somnambulism)
60
Q

When do sleep walking, bedwetting, and night terrors occur?

A

SWS, especially stage 4

61
Q

Know REM sleep summary

A

Know REM sleep summary

62
Q

When are 5-HT and NE lowest?

A

Low during sleep and lowest during REM sleep

63
Q

What is insomnia? What are some causes?

A

Difficulty in getting to sleep or remaining asleep
Causes:
-Situational
-Drug-induced
-Sleep apnea: person stops breathing and is awakened when blood levels of carbon dioxide stimulate breathing

64
Q

Drug treatments for short term insomnia

A

Antihistamines-block wake promoting histamine

Non-benzodiazpine hypotics-GABA agonists (Ambien, Sonata, Lunesta)

Melatonin Receptor Stimulator-Rozerem

Benzodiazepines (mainly paraxomnias)-GABA agonists (Restoril, Valium, Librium)

Alcohol-GABA agonist

65
Q

Psychological and Behavioral Tx for Insomnia

A
  • Stimulus control therapy
  • Sleep restriction therapy
  • Relaxation training
  • Cognitive therapy
  • Sleep hygiene educaiton
  • CBT
66
Q

Drug treatments for excessive daytime sleepiness

A
  • Caffiene-blocks AD receptors
  • Amphetamines-DA/NE agonist
  • Non-amphetamine stimuants-Unknown mechanism of action. DA or orexin agonist?
67
Q

Drug treatments for narcolepsy

A
  • Amphetamines and non-amphetamines
  • GHB-GABA and GHB agnonist. Can be used as date rape drug
  • Antidepressants-monoamine reuptake inhibitors
68
Q

Obstructive Sleep Apnea

A

Throat closes during sleep, breathing temporarily ceases, followed by microarousal and reestablishment of airway.
Treatment: medications, surgery, or CPAP

69
Q

Sleep Hygiene

A 
􀂃 Listen to your body clock
􀂃 Use your bed only to sleep
􀂃 Get up and go to bed at the same time
􀂃 Exercise in the morning and in the early afternoon
• Don’t exercise in the evening
􀂃 Stop looking at that clock
􀂃 Avoid alcohol, caffeine, and nicotine
􀂃 Naps
• Not after 4 pm and not more than 30-45 minutes
􀂃 Keep the bedroom dark, quiet, and cool
􀂃 Eat a light snack
􀂃 Don’t worry too much

Bio Basis of Behavior (11 decks)

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