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Health and Human Development 1/2 > Test 3 Revision - Semester 2 > Flashcards

Test 3 Revision - Semester 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Development

A

A progressive series of changes which occur over the lifespan
Changes are qualitative and include physical, intellectual, emotional and social
changes

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2
Q

Physical health

A

How efficiently the body and its systems function.

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3
Q

Mental health

A

Refers to the state of well-being in which the individual realise his or her own abilities

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4
Q

Social health

A

Being able to interact with others and participate in the community in both and independent and cooperate way.

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5
Q

Physical development

A

The changed that relate to people’s size and shape, and therefore, body structure.

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6
Q

Intellectual development

A

The ways in which people are able to think and reason.

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7
Q

Emotional development

A

Deals with feelings and moods and the ways in which people express, understand and exercise control over them.

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8
Q

Social development

A

The increasing complexity of behaviour patterns used in relationships with other people.

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9
Q

Fertilisation

A

it occurs when a sperm penetrates an ovum and the genetic material fuse together to make a single cell called a zygote.

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10
Q

Ovum

A

A mature female reproductive cell which is capable of developing, usually only after fertilisation.

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11
Q

Sperm

A

a male reproductive cell that contains only 23 chromosomes. It penetrates the ovum during fertilisation.

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12
Q

Teratogen

A

A teratogen is anything in the environment of the embryo that can cause defects in development.

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13
Q

Endometrium

A

The nutrient-rich lining on the uterine wall in which the ovum embeds or that is expelled every month if pregnancy does not occur.

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14
Q

What are the 3 stages of prenatal development?

A
  • Germinal stage
  • Embryonic stage
  • Foetal stage
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15
Q

Germinal stage

A

This stage occurs during the first 2 weeks of development.

  1. The union of the sperm and egg cell forms a single cell called a zygote.
  2. The cell continues to divide and it differentiates to make 3 structures: Embyro, placenta, chorion. It is now a blastocyst.
  3. The blastocyst attaches to the lining of the uterus for nourishment. The blastocyst attaching is known as implantation.
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16
Q

Embryonic stage

A

occurs between 2 and 10 weeks.

Critical stage of development – damage to the actual development of growing organs

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17
Q

Foetal stage

A
  • Approximately 30 weeks long
  • Muscles & organs are completed, brain development rapid
    lungs prepare for life outside uterus……
  • Continual growth and development of all organs, limbs etc.
    Last few weeks – major time for putting on fat layer to protect foetus at birth/neonate
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18
Q

Cephalocaudal patterns of development

A

Development from the top to bottom – ie. From the head to the toes.
-1st- Muscles in shoulder and neck develop
so that they can lift the head up off the floor
-Next shoulders and arms develop to push up off the ground
-eventually upper body develops to sit
-lastly lower limbs and feet develop to walk

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19
Q

Proximodistal patterns of development

A
  • Outside – in – from extremities to the mid-line of the body
  • An infant will be able to hit an object with their arm and hand, grab an object, then control the manipulation of the object with their fingers.
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20
Q

Predictability

A

Development is predictable. It occurs at certain stages in someones lifetime and so when know when a certain stage is supposed to occur.
-predictable that a baby will sit before it crawls and crawl before it walks

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21
Q

Continual

A

Growth continues from conception to death – continual development. As you get older growth continues but often ‘negatively’

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22
Q

Individual variation

A

Children can develop at different rates however, too much difference might mean a disability.

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23
Q

Sequential

A

Development is sequential …That is development happens in a set pattern or sequence.

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24
Q

Examples of teratogens

A

Rubella, Tabacco smoke, alcohol, shellfish

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25
Q

What stage of prenatal development is most susceptible to teratogens?

A

Embryonic stage - because major organs and systems are formed during this time, the embryo is very sensitive to environmental influences.

26
Q

Prenatal

A

Fertilisation to birth - rapid growth

27
Q

Infancy

A

birth to 2 years old

28
Q

Early childhood

A

2-6

29
Q

Late Childhood

A

6-12

30
Q

Neonate

A

A newborn child

31
Q

APGAR test - what does it stand for?

A 
Appearance (skin colour)
Pulse (heart rate)
Grimace (reflexes)
Activity (muscle tone)
Respiration (breathing rate and effort)
32
Q

What is the APGAR test?

A

It is the very first test given to a newborn baby. It is designed to quickly evaluate a newborn’s physical condition and see if the newborn needs extra medical care.

33
Q

How is the APGAR test scored?

A

A doctor, midwife or nurse will combine the 5 factors and a score will be formed from 0-10. 10 being the highest, 0 being the lowest.

34
Q

Heart Rate

A

0 - Absent
1 - Below 100 beats per min
2 - Above 100 beats per min

35
Q

Respiratory effort

A

0- no breathing
1- slow irregular breathing
2- normal rate and effort

36
Q

Muscle tone

A

0- no movement
1- arms and legs flexed with little movement
2- active, spontaneous movement

37
Q

Colour

A

0- bluish-grey or pale all over
1- normal colour (hands and feet bluish)
2- normal colour all over

38
Q

Reflex irritability

A

0- absent (no response)
1- facial movement only
2- pulls away, sneezes or coughs

39
Q

5 functions that need to adapt at birth

A
  1. Nutrition
  2. Circulation
  3. Respiration
  4. Excretion
  5. Temperature
40
Q

Temperature (before birth)

A

Before birth the Fetus a constant temperature in the uterus. It is also regulated by the mother’s body temperature.

41
Q

Nutrition

A

Before birth, pre-digested nutrients were available to the foetus from the placenta

42
Q

Temperature (after birth)

A

Once delivered the neonate temperature center cannot adjust to the extreme changes.
A newborns temperature usually falls by about 1.5 degrees. The temperature should return to normal in a couple of hours.

43
Q

Nutrition (after birth)

A

After birth the neonate must adapt to drinking and digesting milk to in order to gain nutrients.
The breast milk produced in the first three days after birth is called Colostrum which is rich in antibodies and helps the neonate from infection and also stimulates enzyme production and forms a protective lining along the digestive tract.

44
Q

Why are percentile charts/graphs used?

A

They monitor an individual’s growth pattern over time. They ensure physical development is occurring normally.

45
Q

When using percentile charts what three things are measured?

A

Percentile charts measure:

  1. Head
  2. Weight
  3. Head circumference
46
Q

Physical development in infancy

A

GROWTH & MOTOR SKILLS
-Learn to sit, crawl, walk – Gross motor skills
Learn to hold a spoon and feed themselves – fine motor skills
Very rapid Growth – by end of infancy birth weight has quadrupled

47
Q

Social development in infancy

A

Parents, friends and other caregivers provide role models. Infants are able to learn culturally appropriate behaviour from interactions relating to food, dress, language and social interaction with a diverse range of people.

48
Q

Emotional development in infancy

A

Bonds formed with parents and caregivers. Parents provide encouragement increasing self-esteem. It helps infants feel secure, safe and loved

49
Q

Intellectual development in infancy

A

Uses sense of sight, touch, smell to explore surroundings
Learn to say a few words
Learn consequences of some actions
Starts problem solving – eg. blocks

50
Q

What are the main causes of mortality for infants and children?

A
  1. Falls
  2. Burns
  3. Poisoning
  4. Water safety and drowning
51
Q

Impact of the SIDS education campaign on infant mortality rates.

A

The SIDS campaign decreased the infant mortality rates in Australia as it created awareness and allowed people to think about consequences.

52
Q

Health status of infants/ children in Australia.

A

The overall health of Australian infants/children is good.

Rates of infant and childhood deaths are low and declining.

53
Q

Communicable diseases

A

Communicable disease are contagious, they are transmitted from one person to another or by animals.

Prevention: Immunisation
Examples: measles, conjunctivitis, chicken pox

54
Q

Injuries

A

Injury refers to physical harm or damage caused to a person.
It is the major cause of death and a major cause of disability among australian children.

The main types of injury are:

  • falls
  • poisonings
  • burns
  • road accidents
55
Q

Long-term health conditions

A

These are conditions that can be maintained throughout a persons life.
E.g. Asthma and diabetes.

56
Q

What is an immunisation?

A

An immunisation protects people against harmful infections before they come into contact with them in the community. Immunisations uses the body’s natural defence mechanism – the immune response – to build resistance to specific infections.

57
Q

Difference between an immunisation and vaccination

A

Vaccination means having a vaccine

Immunization means both receiving a vaccine and becoming immune to a disease, as a result of being vaccinated.

58
Q

What is in vaccines?

A

Vaccines contain smaller doses of either

  • A live but weakened virus
  • A killed bacteria or virus, or small parts of bacteria
  • A modified toxin produced by bacteria
59
Q

Why should parents get their children immunised?

A

A number of immunizations are required in the first few years of a child’s life to protect them against the most serious infections of childhood. The immune system in young children does not work as well as the immune system in older children and adults, because it is still immature.

60
Q

Reasons why parents do not immunise their children.

A
  1. These illnesses are rare. My child won’t get it.
  2. These illnesses aren’t all that bad
  3. Vaccines cause autism
  4. Vaccines have side effects
  5. The preservatives in vaccines are dangerous
  6. It’s a conspiracy – the pharmaceutical companies and government are keeping secrets from us
  7. I trust my family, friends and community more than my doctor.
61
Q

Reasons why exemptions are granted for vaccinations

A

People who have a weakened immune system need to talk to doctors before getting vaccinated. This is also true for those who receive treatments like chemotherapy or who take medication that can weaken the immune system. People with certain allergies many not be able to get some vaccines.

62
Q

Name 4 diseases that children in Australia are immunised against:

A
  1. Hepatitis B
  2. Tetanus
  3. Chicken pox
  4. Measles, mumps, rubella

Health and Human Development 1/2 (6 decks)

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