Exam Semester 2 Revision Flashcards
Health
Health is a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity.
physical health
How efficiently the body and its systems
function, and includes the physical capacity
to perform tasks and physical fitness.
Mental health
Refers to the state of well-being in which
The individual realises his or her own
Abilities.
Social health
Refers to how effectively people are
able to interact with others in their
society and / or environment.
Development
A progressive series of changes which occur over the lifespan. Changes are qualitative and include physical, intellectual, emotional and social changes.
Physical development
The changes that relate to
people’s size and shape,
and therefore, body
Structures.
Social development
The increasing
Complexity of behaviour
Patterns used in relationships
With other people.
Emotional development
Deals with feelings and moods
And the way in which people
Express, understand and
Exercise control over them.
Intellectual development
The ways in which people are
Able to think and reason.
Fertilisation
it occurs when a sperm penetrates an ovum and the genetic material fuse together to make a single cell called a zygote.
Ovum
A mature female reproductive cell which is capable of developing, usually only after fertilisation.
Endometrium
The nutrient-rich lining on the uterine wall in which the ovum embeds or that is expelled every month if pregnancy does not occur.
Germinal stage
0-2
Sperm and ovum meet in fallopian tube – sperm penetrates ovum – fertilisation / conception occurs
New cell is formed in fallopian tube
Mitosis will start - Cells divide to form 2 cells – Zygote (happens within 24 hours)
Continues to divide until 64 cells and called Blastocyst.
Blastocyst attaches to the lining of the uterus – Called implantation
After implantation – Known as an EMBRYO
Embryonic stage
2 – 8/10
Critical stage of development – damage to the actual development of growing organs
Foetal satge
Approx 30 weeks long
Longest stage of pregnancy – approx’ 30 weeks
Muscles & organs are completed, brain development rapid
lungs prepare for life outside uterus……
Continual growth and development of all organs, limbs etc.
Last few weeks – major time for putting on fat layer to protect foetus at birth/neonate
Teratogen
A teratogen is anything in the environment of the embryo that can cause defects in development.
Prenatal
Conception to birth
Infancy
Birth -2
Early childhood
2-6
Late childhood
6-12
Adolescene
12-18
Early adulthood
19-40
Middle adulthood
40-65
Late adulthood
65+
Neonate
A newborn child
Cephalocaudal
Development from the top to bottom – ie. From the head to the toes.
Proximodistal
Outside – in – from extremities to the mid-line of the body
Predictable
Many aspects of development occur in predictable, orderly patterns. Experts can roughly predict when certain milestones should occur.
Continual
Growth continues from conception to death – continual development. As you get older growth continues but often ‘negatively’
Individual variation
Many factors influences development such as hormones, genetics, family interaction, nutrition, physical activity levels and state of health. As a result, there will be variations in when milestones are reached and how developed one person is to another.
Sequential
Development is sequential …That is development happens in a set pattern or sequence.
Infancy adaptations
P-Teeth appear, rolls, sits, crawls
I-Speaking, brain and CNS development
E-Learn words, cries, smiles
S-Aware of family
Type 1 diabetes
generally the body produces no insulin at all. People require insulin injections to survive.
Type 2 diabetes
not enough insulin is produced, or body unable to use insulin properly.
Morbidity
The rate at which a particular disease or illness occurs.
Mortality
Mortality refers to the deaths in a population. The mortality rate is therefore an
indication of how many deaths occurred in a population in a given period of
time for a specific cause.
Life expectancy
Life expectancy is one of the most common methods used to measure health
status. It gives an indication of how long a person is expected to live.
Disability adjusted life years (DALYs)
A measure of the loss of healthy life as a result of non-fatal health conditions,
illness, injury or premature death.
Burden of disease
A measure of the impact of diseases and injuries; specifically it measures the gap
between health status and an ideal situation where everyone lives to an old age
free of disease and disability. It is measured in DALY.
Incidence
Incidence refers to the number (or rate) of new cases of a disease/ condition in a population during a given period.
Prevalence
The number of proportion of cases of a particular disease or condition present in
a population at a given time
Healthy adjusted life years (HALE)
HALE estimates the number of healthy years an individual is expected to live at
birth by subtracting the years of ill health – weighted according to severity –
from overall life expectancy.
Infant mortality rate
Infant mortality is the death of a child less than one year of age.
Cardiovascular disease (CV)
Results from damaged blood supply to the heart, brain or legs.
Most common types:
Coronary heart disease, interrupted blood supply to the heart
Stroke, interrupted blood supply to the brain
Atherosclerosis, interruption of blood flow due to blockage (whole or part) in blood vessels
Hypertension – High Blood Pressure
Dementia
Dementia is a collection of symptoms that are caused by disorders affecting the brain. There is not one specific disease.
Dementia affects thinking, behaviour and the ability to perform everyday tasks.
Brain function is affected enough to interfere with a person’s normal social or working life.
Determinants of health
Factors that raise or lower a level of health in a population or individual. Determinants of health help to explain or predict trends in health and why some groups have better or worse health than others’
Behavioural determinants
Actions or patterns of living of an individual or a group that impact on health
Biological determinants
• Factors relating to the body that impact on health.
Social determinants
• Aspects of society and the social environment that impact on health. These determinants often influence an individual’s behaviours.
Physical environment determinants
• quality of surroundings in which we live and work, the water we drink, our housing, the air we breathe, availability of recreation facilities, fast food outlets, public transport
