Test #3 Review Cards Flashcards
1
Q
What elements are carbohydrates made of?
A
Carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen
2
Q
Two functions of carbohydrates
A
- Used by living things as a main source of energy
2. Plants and some animals use carbohydrates for structural purposes
3
Q
Name three categories of carbohydrates
A
Monosaccharides, disaccharides, polysaccharides
4
Q
What is a monosaccharide?
A
A Single sugar molecule
Examples: glucose, fructose, galactose
C6H12O6
5
Q
What is a disaccharide?
A
2 monosaccharides joined together (2 ringed sugar)
6
Q
Examples of disaccharides
A
Lactose, sucrose, maltose
7
Q
What are Polysaccharides
A
Many monosaccharides joined together (long chain of sugars)
8
Q
What are storage polysaccharides used for?
A
Long term energy storage
9
Q
Storage polysaccharides In animals
A
Excess sugar is stored as glycogen in the liver. This is used for long-term energy storage in animals.
10
Q
Storage polysaccharides in plants
A
Excess sugar is stored as starch and seeds and specialized roots or standings. This is used for long-term energy storage in plants.
11
Q
What makes starch?
A
Plants
12
Q
Fill in the blank/s: Glycogen is stored in the —–
A
Liver
13
Q
What are structural polysaccharides used for?
A
Structure in cells or bodies
14
Q
Structural polysaccharides in insects
A
Insects contain chitin which makes up their outer body (exoskeleton)
15
Q
Structural polysaccharides in plants
A
Plants also contain cellulose, which is found in the cell wall. It gives plants its structure and strength.
16
Q
What are lipids composed of?
A
Mostly carbon and hydrogen atoms with fewer oxygen atoms
17
Q
What are 2 functions of lipids?
A
- Used to store long term energy (fats)
2. Parts of cell membranes (phospholipids)
18
Q
Examples of lipids
A
Fats, oils, waxes
19
Q
What are fats made of?
A
1 glycerol and 3 fatty acids
20
Q
Lipid looks like
A
Long chain of carbons bonded to carbon with H around it
21
Q
Fill in the blank/s: Fats are used ——-
A
To store long term energy
22
Q
One gram of fat contains more than…
A
Double The amount of energy as 1 gram of carbohydrates
23
Q
Fill in the blank/s: Fats —– dissolved in water
A
Cannot be
24
Q
Why can’t fats be dissolved in water?
A
Because they are nonpolar
25
What are the 2 types of fats?
Saturated and unsaturated
26
What is a saturated fat?
When each carbon in fatty acid chain has one single bond to the next Carbon
(Has the most amount of things dissolved into it)
27
Fill in the blank/s: Saturated fats are saturated with -----
Hydrogens
28
Fill in the blank/s: Saturated fats are usually a ----- at room temperature
Solid
29
Examples of saturated fats
Butter, animal fat
30
Fill in the blank/s: Saturated fats tend to ------- the amount of cholesterol found in the body. This can ------- the arteries and lead to heart attack or stroke.
Increase, narrow
31
What is a unsaturated fat?
At least one carbon in the fatty acid chain has a double bond or triple bond to the next carbon
32
1 Difference between saturated and unsaturated
Branch off in unsaturated
33
Fill in the blank/s: unsaturated fats are usually ------ at room temperature
Liquid
34
Example of an unsaturated fat
Oil
35
Fill in the blank/s: Unsaturated fats Tend to ------ the amount of cholesterol in the body
Decrease
36
What are proteins composed of?
Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen
37
What are the monomers of proteins?
Amino acids- proteins are made up of joined together amino acids
38
What are amino acids?
What proteins are made out of
39
Fill in the blank/s: More than ----- different amino acids found in nature
20
40
What are the functions of proteins?
1. Help form bone and muscle
2. Transport substances into and out of the cell
3. Help fight disease (antibodies are proteins)
4. Allows chemical reactions to take place (enzymes are proteins)
41
Fill in the blank/s: Two amino acid maybe join together bye--------
Dehydration synthesis
42
Fill in the blank/s: The bonds between the two amino acids is called a --------
Peptide bond (type of covalent bonds found between amino acids)
43
Resulting molecule of two amino acid being joined together by dehydration synthesis is called ------
Dipeptide
44
What is a long chain of amino acids called?
Polypeptide
45
Fill in the blank/s: Polypeptide chains fall together to form ------
Proteins
46
Proteins have a variety of shapes including ---------
coils, pleated sheets, and globules
47
What are nucleic acids composed of?
Carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen, and phosphorous
48
What are nucleic acids formed from?
Monomers called nucleotides
49
What are the 3 parts of nucleotides?
A) 5 carbon sugar
B) phosphate group (PO4)
C) nitrogenous base (a basic molecule that contains nitrogen)
50
What is the function of nucleic acids?
To store and transmit genetic informations
51
DNA stands for?
Deoxyribonucleicacid
52
Where is DNA found?
In the nucleus of cells
53
What is the shape of DNA?
Double helix or a twisted ladder
54
Fill in the blank/s: each side of DNA is a chain of ------.
Nucleotides
55
Fill in the blank/s: Bases are the "rungs" of the ladder, bonding together the ------- on each side.
Nucleotides
56
What are the four types of bases?
Adenine
Guanine
Cytosine
Thymine
57
Adenine always bonds with -----, and guanine bonds to ------.
Thymine, cytosine
58
What does does RNA stand for?
Ribonucleic acid
59
What is the role of RNA?
It acts as a messenger from DNA to the ribosomes (where proteins are made)
60
RNA consists of only a------- of nucleotides.
Single strand
61
What sugar does DNA contain and what sugar does RNA contain?
DNA-deoxyribose
| RNA-ribose
62
RNA ha she base -------- instead of thymine
Uracil
63
Chemical reactions...
Change one set of chemicals into another set of chemicals
64
Chemical reactions always involve ------------- and/or -----------
Breaking bonds, forming bonds
65
What is a reactant?
Elements or compounds that enter a reaction
66
What are products of a reaction?
Elements or compounds that are produced by the reaction.
67
During chemical reactions, energy is either------ or energy is -------
Released, needed
68
What is a Spontaneous reaction?
A reaction that releases energy.
69
Some chemical reactions need to absorb Energy in order to occur. These will...
Not Occur spontaneously
70
What is activation energy?
Energy needed to get a reaction started
71
Sometimes the activation energy is too high, and it will take to sell a long time in order to gather the needed energy. This will make the reaction occur -----
Very slowly
72
What is a catalyst?
A substance that speeds up the reaction by lowering the amounts of activation energy needed to start a reaction.
73
What are an enzymes?
protein catalysts found in cells
74
Each enzyme has a specific site, called an ------------
Active site
75
On the Active site...
... The reactant or substrate can bind.
76
Every enzyme has a different active site, therefore, each enzyme only...
Fits with one type of substrate
77
Enzymes physically grab substrate molecules and can either...
Break bonds or push substrates together and force them to react
78
An enzyme creates a place where a reaction can occur therefore the cell needs...
Less activation energy to get a reaction started
79
When an enzyme and a substrate are joined together, they form a structure called...
Enzyme-substrate complex
80
Well the enzyme and substrate are joined...
The reaction occurs
81
Once the reaction is done the products are released and the enzyme can be...
Used again
82
One enzyme catalyzes...
One type of reaction
83
Enzymes only enter a reaction...
| Permanently or temporarily?
Temporarily
84
Enzymes are not changed by a reaction and can be used...
Again and again
85
Enzymes usually end in ----- and are named for ---------------
-ase, the substances that they act on/form
86
Example of enzyme reaction
Lipase breaks down lipids protease breaks down proteins
87
Lipase breaks down...
Lipids
88
Protase breaks down...
Proteins
89
What are the two methods of enzyme action?
1. Lock And key model
| 2. Induced fit model
90
Describe the lock and key model of an enzyme
Just as one he can only fit one lock, each enzyme can only fit one type of substrate
91
Describe the induced fit model of an enzyme
Although each enzyme only fits one substrate, it is not a perfect fit. The enzyme slightly changes shape as the substrate enters the active site
92
The rate at which enzyme reactions occur can be affected by different factors such as...
pH values, temperature
93
Enzymes in most of our body function best at a pH of...
7- neutral
94
Enzymes in our stomach function best at a pH of
Around 2
95
As temperature increases, molecules move faster and there is a...
Greater chance of an enzyme meeting a substrate
96
Why is there a greater chance of an enzyme substrate as temperature increases?
Because the molecules move faster
97
Most enzymes work at temperatures over...
30 degrees Celsius
98
At a temperature of 40°C the enzyme...
Denatures
99
What does denature mean
Breaks down
100
Enzymes in human cells work best at---------, Body temperature
37 degrees celcius
101
Who was Robert Hook?
A scientist who looked at thin slices of cork under a microscope. He saw empty spaces and described them as cells. We know now that he was looking at the walls of dead cells
102
Which scientist looked at thin slices of cork under a microscope and described the empty spaces as cells?
Robert Hooke
103
Who was Robert Brown?
The scientist who discovered the nucleus
104
Scientist discovered the nucleus
Robert Brown
105
Who were Matthias Schleiden and Theodor Schwan?
Scientists who experimented to see which living things have cells. They concluded that plants and animals have cells.
106
Who was Rudolph Virchow?
A scientist who studied cell reproduction and concluded that every cell comes from one before
107
Which scientists experimented to see which living things have cells and concluded that plants and animals have cells.
Matthias Schleiden and Theodor Schwan
108
Which scientist studied cell reproduction and concluded that every cell comes from one before
Rudolph Virchow
109
Name the three main components to the cell theory.
1. All living things are made up of one or more cells
2. Cells are the basic unit of structure and function of living things
3. All cells come from pre-existing cells
110
examples of that are made up of one or more cells
Bacteria-1 cell-unicellular
| Human-many cells-multicellular
111
Organisms are able to function because their
Cells are carrying out the necessary functions
112
What are the three exceptions to the cell theory?
A Virus, Mitochondria and Cloroplasts, and the first cell
113
What is a virus compose of?
A nucleic acid, either DNA or RNA, surrounded by A protein coat
114
What are some ways that a virus is not life like
It's not made of cells
| It does not grow or respond to changes in the environment
115
What are some ways that a virus is life like?
It can reproduce (but only in living cells)
116
Do we consider a virus to be living?
No!
117
Mitochondria and Chloroplasts have their own ------ and can -------- themselves
DNA, replicate
118
Mitochondrias and chloroplasts have what type of relationship?
A symbiotic relationship********
119
It is thought that mitochondria and chloroplasts are descendants of simple cells that were "eaten" but not digested by more complex cells. Eventually they ------------------------------- and are called -----------.
Became a permanent part of these complex cells, eukaryotic cells.
120
The first cell had to...
Arise from non-cellular structures
121
What are the four groups of organic compounds?
Carbohydrates, lipids, nucleus acid, proteins
122
What is dehydration synthesis?
The joining of monomers together by removing water. One water molecule is removed for each monomer that is added to the chain .
123
What is hydrolysis?
The breaking of the bond between two monomers by adding water. One water molecule is added for each monomer that is removed from the chain.
