Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Biology > Test #3 Review Cards > Flashcards

Test #3 Review Cards Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What elements are carbohydrates made of?

A

Carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Two functions of carbohydrates

A
  1. Used by living things as a main source of energy

2. Plants and some animals use carbohydrates for structural purposes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Name three categories of carbohydrates

A

Monosaccharides, disaccharides, polysaccharides

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is a monosaccharide?

A

A Single sugar molecule
Examples: glucose, fructose, galactose

C6H12O6

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is a disaccharide?

A

2 monosaccharides joined together (2 ringed sugar)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Examples of disaccharides

A

Lactose, sucrose, maltose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What are Polysaccharides

A

Many monosaccharides joined together (long chain of sugars)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What are storage polysaccharides used for?

A

Long term energy storage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Storage polysaccharides In animals

A

Excess sugar is stored as glycogen in the liver. This is used for long-term energy storage in animals.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Storage polysaccharides in plants

A

Excess sugar is stored as starch and seeds and specialized roots or standings. This is used for long-term energy storage in plants.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What makes starch?

A

Plants

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Fill in the blank/s: Glycogen is stored in the —–

A

Liver

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What are structural polysaccharides used for?

A

Structure in cells or bodies

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Structural polysaccharides in insects

A

Insects contain chitin which makes up their outer body (exoskeleton)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Structural polysaccharides in plants

A

Plants also contain cellulose, which is found in the cell wall. It gives plants its structure and strength.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What are lipids composed of?

A

Mostly carbon and hydrogen atoms with fewer oxygen atoms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What are 2 functions of lipids?

A
  1. Used to store long term energy (fats)

2. Parts of cell membranes (phospholipids)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Examples of lipids

A

Fats, oils, waxes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What are fats made of?

A

1 glycerol and 3 fatty acids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Lipid looks like

A

Long chain of carbons bonded to carbon with H around it

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Fill in the blank/s: Fats are used ——-

A

To store long term energy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

One gram of fat contains more than…

A

Double The amount of energy as 1 gram of carbohydrates

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Fill in the blank/s: Fats —– dissolved in water

A

Cannot be

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Why can’t fats be dissolved in water?

A

Because they are nonpolar

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What are the 2 types of fats?

A

Saturated and unsaturated

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What is a saturated fat?

A

When each carbon in fatty acid chain has one single bond to the next Carbon
(Has the most amount of things dissolved into it)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Fill in the blank/s: Saturated fats are saturated with —–

A

Hydrogens

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Fill in the blank/s: Saturated fats are usually a —– at room temperature

A

Solid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Examples of saturated fats

A

Butter, animal fat

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Fill in the blank/s: Saturated fats tend to ——- the amount of cholesterol found in the body. This can ——- the arteries and lead to heart attack or stroke.

A

Increase, narrow

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

What is a unsaturated fat?

A

At least one carbon in the fatty acid chain has a double bond or triple bond to the next carbon

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

1 Difference between saturated and unsaturated

A

Branch off in unsaturated

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Fill in the blank/s: unsaturated fats are usually —— at room temperature

A

Liquid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Example of an unsaturated fat

A

Oil

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Fill in the blank/s: Unsaturated fats Tend to —— the amount of cholesterol in the body

A

Decrease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

What are proteins composed of?

A

Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

What are the monomers of proteins?

A

Amino acids- proteins are made up of joined together amino acids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

What are amino acids?

A

What proteins are made out of

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

Fill in the blank/s: More than —– different amino acids found in nature

A

20

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

What are the functions of proteins?

A
  1. Help form bone and muscle
  2. Transport substances into and out of the cell
  3. Help fight disease (antibodies are proteins)
  4. Allows chemical reactions to take place (enzymes are proteins)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

Fill in the blank/s: Two amino acid maybe join together bye——–

A

Dehydration synthesis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

Fill in the blank/s: The bonds between the two amino acids is called a ——–

A

Peptide bond (type of covalent bonds found between amino acids)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

Resulting molecule of two amino acid being joined together by dehydration synthesis is called ——

A

Dipeptide

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

What is a long chain of amino acids called?

A

Polypeptide

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

Fill in the blank/s: Polypeptide chains fall together to form ——

A

Proteins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

Proteins have a variety of shapes including ———

A

coils, pleated sheets, and globules

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

What are nucleic acids composed of?

A

Carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen, and phosphorous

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

What are nucleic acids formed from?

A

Monomers called nucleotides

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

What are the 3 parts of nucleotides?

A

A) 5 carbon sugar
B) phosphate group (PO4)
C) nitrogenous base (a basic molecule that contains nitrogen)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

What is the function of nucleic acids?

A

To store and transmit genetic informations

51
Q

DNA stands for?

A

Deoxyribonucleicacid

52
Q

Where is DNA found?

A

In the nucleus of cells

53
Q

What is the shape of DNA?

A

Double helix or a twisted ladder

54
Q

Fill in the blank/s: each side of DNA is a chain of ——.

A

Nucleotides

55
Q

Fill in the blank/s: Bases are the “rungs” of the ladder, bonding together the ——- on each side.

A

Nucleotides

56
Q

What are the four types of bases?

A

Adenine
Guanine
Cytosine
Thymine

57
Q

Adenine always bonds with —–, and guanine bonds to ——.

A

Thymine, cytosine

58
Q

What does does RNA stand for?

A

Ribonucleic acid

59
Q

What is the role of RNA?

A

It acts as a messenger from DNA to the ribosomes (where proteins are made)

60
Q

RNA consists of only a——- of nucleotides.

A

Single strand

61
Q

What sugar does DNA contain and what sugar does RNA contain?

A

DNA-deoxyribose

RNA-ribose

62
Q

RNA ha she base ——– instead of thymine

A

Uracil

63
Q

Chemical reactions…

A

Change one set of chemicals into another set of chemicals

64
Q

Chemical reactions always involve ————- and/or ———–

A

Breaking bonds, forming bonds

65
Q

What is a reactant?

A

Elements or compounds that enter a reaction

66
Q

What are products of a reaction?

A

Elements or compounds that are produced by the reaction.

67
Q

During chemical reactions, energy is either—— or energy is ——-

A

Released, needed

68
Q

What is a Spontaneous reaction?

A

A reaction that releases energy.

69
Q

Some chemical reactions need to absorb Energy in order to occur. These will…

A

Not Occur spontaneously

70
Q

What is activation energy?

A

Energy needed to get a reaction started

71
Q

Sometimes the activation energy is too high, and it will take to sell a long time in order to gather the needed energy. This will make the reaction occur —–

A

Very slowly

72
Q

What is a catalyst?

A

A substance that speeds up the reaction by lowering the amounts of activation energy needed to start a reaction.

73
Q

What are an enzymes?

A

protein catalysts found in cells

74
Q

Each enzyme has a specific site, called an ————

A

Active site

75
Q

On the Active site…

A

… The reactant or substrate can bind.

76
Q

Every enzyme has a different active site, therefore, each enzyme only…

A

Fits with one type of substrate

77
Q

Enzymes physically grab substrate molecules and can either…

A

Break bonds or push substrates together and force them to react

78
Q

An enzyme creates a place where a reaction can occur therefore the cell needs…

A

Less activation energy to get a reaction started

79
Q

When an enzyme and a substrate are joined together, they form a structure called…

A

Enzyme-substrate complex

80
Q

Well the enzyme and substrate are joined…

A

The reaction occurs

81
Q

Once the reaction is done the products are released and the enzyme can be…

A

Used again

82
Q

One enzyme catalyzes…

A

One type of reaction

83
Q

Enzymes only enter a reaction…

Permanently or temporarily?

A

Temporarily

84
Q

Enzymes are not changed by a reaction and can be used…

A

Again and again

85
Q

Enzymes usually end in —– and are named for —————

A

-ase, the substances that they act on/form

86
Q

Example of enzyme reaction

A

Lipase breaks down lipids protease breaks down proteins

87
Q

Lipase breaks down…

A

Lipids

88
Q

Protase breaks down…

A

Proteins

89
Q

What are the two methods of enzyme action?

A
  1. Lock And key model

2. Induced fit model

90
Q

Describe the lock and key model of an enzyme

A

Just as one he can only fit one lock, each enzyme can only fit one type of substrate

91
Q

Describe the induced fit model of an enzyme

A

Although each enzyme only fits one substrate, it is not a perfect fit. The enzyme slightly changes shape as the substrate enters the active site

92
Q

The rate at which enzyme reactions occur can be affected by different factors such as…

A

pH values, temperature

93
Q

Enzymes in most of our body function best at a pH of…

A

7- neutral

94
Q

Enzymes in our stomach function best at a pH of

A

Around 2

95
Q

As temperature increases, molecules move faster and there is a…

A

Greater chance of an enzyme meeting a substrate

96
Q

Why is there a greater chance of an enzyme substrate as temperature increases?

A

Because the molecules move faster

97
Q

Most enzymes work at temperatures over…

A

30 degrees Celsius

98
Q

At a temperature of 40°C the enzyme…

A

Denatures

99
Q

What does denature mean

A

Breaks down

100
Q

Enzymes in human cells work best at———, Body temperature

A

37 degrees celcius

101
Q

Who was Robert Hook?

A

A scientist who looked at thin slices of cork under a microscope. He saw empty spaces and described them as cells. We know now that he was looking at the walls of dead cells

102
Q

Which scientist looked at thin slices of cork under a microscope and described the empty spaces as cells?

A

Robert Hooke

103
Q

Who was Robert Brown?

A

The scientist who discovered the nucleus

104
Q

Scientist discovered the nucleus

A

Robert Brown

105
Q

Who were Matthias Schleiden and Theodor Schwan?

A

Scientists who experimented to see which living things have cells. They concluded that plants and animals have cells.

106
Q

Who was Rudolph Virchow?

A

A scientist who studied cell reproduction and concluded that every cell comes from one before

107
Q

Which scientists experimented to see which living things have cells and concluded that plants and animals have cells.

A

Matthias Schleiden and Theodor Schwan

108
Q

Which scientist studied cell reproduction and concluded that every cell comes from one before

A

Rudolph Virchow

109
Q

Name the three main components to the cell theory.

A
  1. All living things are made up of one or more cells
  2. Cells are the basic unit of structure and function of living things
  3. All cells come from pre-existing cells
110
Q

examples of that are made up of one or more cells

A

Bacteria-1 cell-unicellular

Human-many cells-multicellular

111
Q

Organisms are able to function because their

A

Cells are carrying out the necessary functions

112
Q

What are the three exceptions to the cell theory?

A

A Virus, Mitochondria and Cloroplasts, and the first cell

113
Q

What is a virus compose of?

A

A nucleic acid, either DNA or RNA, surrounded by A protein coat

114
Q

What are some ways that a virus is not life like

A

It’s not made of cells

It does not grow or respond to changes in the environment

115
Q

What are some ways that a virus is life like?

A

It can reproduce (but only in living cells)

116
Q

Do we consider a virus to be living?

A

No!

117
Q

Mitochondria and Chloroplasts have their own —— and can ——– themselves

A

DNA, replicate

118
Q

Mitochondrias and chloroplasts have what type of relationship?

A

A symbiotic relationship**

119
Q

It is thought that mitochondria and chloroplasts are descendants of simple cells that were “eaten” but not digested by more complex cells. Eventually they ——————————- and are called ———–.

A

Became a permanent part of these complex cells, eukaryotic cells.

120
Q

The first cell had to…

A

Arise from non-cellular structures

121
Q

What are the four groups of organic compounds?

A

Carbohydrates, lipids, nucleus acid, proteins

122
Q

What is dehydration synthesis?

A

The joining of monomers together by removing water. One water molecule is removed for each monomer that is added to the chain .

123
Q

What is hydrolysis?

A

The breaking of the bond between two monomers by adding water. One water molecule is added for each monomer that is removed from the chain.

Biology (5 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions