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PB 250 > Test 3 Review: Bioinformatics > Flashcards

Test 3 Review: Bioinformatics Flashcards

1
Q

Where does glycolysis occur?

A

Cytosol

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2
Q

Where does oxidation of pyruvate occur?

A

Mitochondrial matrix

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3
Q

Where does the Krebs cycle occur?

A

Mitochondrial matrix

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4
Q

Where does the electron transport chain and ATP synthase occur?

A

Inner mitochondrial membrane

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5
Q

Is glycolysis anaerobic or aerobic?

A

Anaerobic

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6
Q

How many of the original carbons of glucose are left at the conclusion of glycolysis?

A

6

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7
Q

How many of the original carbons of glucose are left after the oxidation of pyruvate?

A

4

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8
Q

How many of the original carbons of glucose are left after the Krebs cycle?

A

0

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9
Q

What are the three types of energy currency in cells?

A

ATP
“Reducing power”
Electrochemical gradients

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10
Q

What are the molecules that make up “reducing power”?

A

NADH and FADH2

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11
Q

How does an energy currency work?

A

Used to drive energetically unfavorable reactions

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12
Q

How does substrate-level phosphorylation work?

A

A high-energy phosphate group is enzymatically transferred from a substrate to ADP to make ATP

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13
Q

How does oxidative phosphorylation work?

A

The ATP synthase uses the energy of the proton gradient to combine ADP and Pi to make ATP.

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14
Q

With what membrane is the ATP synthase associated in the mitochondrion?

A

Inner mitochondrial membrane

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15
Q

What is the directionality of the electrochemical gradient the mitochondrion uses to drive ATP synthesis?

A

High proton concentration (low pH) in intermembrane space

Low proton concentration (high pH) in the matrix

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16
Q

What kind of movement is associated with ATP synthesis?

A

Rotation

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17
Q

What is the final acceptor of electrons in the mitochondrial electron transport chain?

A

O2

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18
Q

What happens to O2 when it receives the electrons in the electron transport chain?

A

It is reduced

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19
Q

What is the product of the reduction of O2 in the electron transport chain?

A

H2O

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20
Q

How is heat generated in bioenergetics?

A

By uncoupling the electron transport chain from ATP synthesis – energy of electrons is lost as heat

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21
Q

What kind of energy does the ATP synthase use when rotating?

A

Mechanical energy

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22
Q

Action Spectrum

A

extent of a light-dependent reaction vs wavelength of light

23
Q

Absorption Spectrum

A

absorbance of a compound vs wavelength of light

24
Q

How are action spectra and absorption spectra related?

A

A light-absorbing compound involved in a light-dependent reaction would have an absorption spectrum that overlaps the action spectrum

25
Q

How is chlorophyll organized in the chloroplast?

A

Organized in light-harvesting complexes

26
Q

Where would you find the light-harvesting complexes?

A

Thylakoid membrane

27
Q

What ions are critical for the function of chlorophyll and the water-splitting reaction?

A

Mg2+ for chlorophyll

Mn2+ for water-splitting reaction

28
Q

How many photons are required to drive the water-splitting reaction to completion?

A

4

29
Q

With what photosystem is the water-splitting reaction associated?

A

Photosystem 2

30
Q

What connects Photosystem 2 to Photosystem 1?

A

Electron transport chain

Specifically the cytochrome b6/f complex

31
Q

What is the role of the cytochrome b6/f complex?

A

Builds H+ gradient used by ATP synthase to make ATP

32
Q

Where is the cytochrome b6/f complex located?

A

Thylakoid membrane

33
Q

Where are the photosystems located?

A

Thylakoid membrane

34
Q

Non-Cyclic Phosphorylation

A

one-way flow of electrons from H2O to PS2 to PS1 and eventually reduced molecules

35
Q

Cyclic Photophosphorylation

A

PS1 operates alone, feeding energized electrons to the cytochrome b6/f complex to contribute to the H+ gradient and make ATP

36
Q

Why does cyclic photophosphorylation matter?

A

Calvin cycle requires more ATP than NADPH, but non-cyclic phosphorylation produces them in a 1:1 ratio. This reduces this imbalance.

37
Q

With what membrane is the ATP synthase associated in the chloroplast?

A

Thylakoid membrane

38
Q

What is the directionality of the electrochemical gradient it uses to drive ATP synthesis?

A

High [H+] in the thylakoid membrane

Low [H+] in the stroma

Direction of movement is from thylakoid membrane to stroma

39
Q

Compare ATP synthesis in chloroplasts and mitochondria: what are the equivalent membranes and compartments?

A

Inner mitochondrial membrane and thylakoid membrane

Matrix/stroma and intermembrane space/thylakoid lumen

40
Q

What is the ultimate source of electrons in photosynthesis?

A

H2O

41
Q

What is the energy level of the electrons in photosynthesis?

A

Low

42
Q

What accepts electrons in photosynthesis, and why is it able to do so?

A

P680 – strongest oxidizer in nature

43
Q

Transient Starch

A

Starch that turns over daily

44
Q

Where is transient starch stored?

A

Stored as starch grains in stroma of chloroplast

45
Q

How is transient starch used by plant cell?

A

Used for basic metabolic functions

46
Q

Where is the Calvin cycle located?

A

Chloroplast stroma

47
Q

Is the Calvin cycle an energy-yielding or an energy-consuming reaction?

A

Energy consuming

48
Q

What is the CO2 fixation enxyme?

A

Rubisco

49
Q

What other reaction (other than fixing CO2) does the CO2 fixation enzyme inherent to the Calvin cycle catalyze?

A

An oxygenase reaction

50
Q

Photorespiration

A

oxygenase reaction catalyzed by rubisco; recovery pathway that detoxifies toxic glycolate product of that reaction, recovering lost 3-PGA

51
Q

What is the cost of photorespiration?

A

Loss of one of the fixed carbons and consumption of O2

52
Q

What organelles are involved in photorespiration?

A

Chloroplast, peroxisome, mitochondrion

53
Q

CO2-Concentration Mechanisms (CCM)

A

overall term for strategy plants and other organisms have evolved to reduce photorespiration

PB 250 (9 decks)

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