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A&P II > Test 3 Respiratory & Digestion A&P > Flashcards

Test 3 Respiratory & Digestion A&P Flashcards

1
Q

What organs are part of the upper respiratory tract

A
  • Nose
  • Nasopharynx
  • Laryngopharynx
  • Larynx
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2
Q

What organs are part of the lower respiratory tract

A
  • Trachea
  • Bronchial Tree
  • Lungs
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3
Q

Functions of the nose

A
  • Passageway for air going to and from the lungs
  • nasal mucosa filters and warms air
  • Smell receptors (Olfactory epithelium)
  • resonated sound for speech
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4
Q

Paranasal sinuses

A
  • Frontal
  • Maxillary
  • Ethmoid
  • Sphenoid
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5
Q

Scientific name for the throat

A

*Pharynx

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6
Q

Scientific name for the voice box

A

*Larynx

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7
Q

Scientific name for the wind pipe

A

*Trachea

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8
Q

Three parts of the pharynx

A
  • Nasopharynx
  • Oropharynx
  • Laryngopharynx
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9
Q

Seven openings to the pharynx

A
  • Right & Left auditory (Eustachian) tubes
  • 2 posterior nares
  • Fauces
  • Into the larynx (air passage)
  • Into the esophagus (food & water passage)
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10
Q

Names and functions of the cartilages found in the larynx

A

*Epiglottis - covers air passage when swallowing
*Thyroid - holds air passage open
*Cricoid - connects larynx to trachea
*arytenoid
*Cuneiform
Corniculate

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11
Q

Parts of the Bronchial Tree and how many branches

A
  • 2 Primary Bronchi (Right & Left lung)
  • 5 Secondary Bronchi (3 right & 2 Left
  • 20 Tertiary Bronchi (10 segments on either side)
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12
Q

What cell makes surfactant? Function of Surfactant?

A

*Type II Cell -

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13
Q

What is the diaphragm and its function?

A

Muscle used in breathing and separates the thorax cavity from the abdominopelvic cavity

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14
Q

Structure & location of the pleural membranes

A
  • Parietal Pleura - lines the thoracic cavity; it partitions off the mediastinum
  • Visceral Pleura - lies against the parietal pleura; contains pleural fluid for lubrication, avoiding friction and respirations are painless.
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15
Q

Examples of upper tract infections

A
  • Rhinitis - inflammation of nose
  • Pharyngitis - inflammation of throat
  • Laryngitis - inflammation of vocal cords
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16
Q

Examples of lower tract infections

A
  • TB - caused by bacteria (mycobacterium tuberculosis)

* Pneumonia (bacterial, viral, fungal)

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17
Q

Types of cells found in the alveolus

A
  • Type I cell - endothelium cell
  • Type II cell - makes surfactant
  • Alveolar macrophages
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18
Q

What is 1 Standard Atmospheric Pressure?

A

760 mmHg

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19
Q

What is Boyle’s Law & formula

A

Volume of gas varies inversely with the pressure at constant temperature
P1V1=P2V2

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20
Q

What is occurring during inspiration to the volume of the lungs and the pressure changes occurring

A
  • During inspiration, pressure in lungs is lower than outside
  • diaphragm contracts and descends and volume increases
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21
Q

What muscles are working during inspiration?

A
  • External intercostals

* diaphragm

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22
Q

What muscles are working during expiration?

A
  • Internal intercostals

* diaphragm

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23
Q

Differences between forceful inspiration and normal inspiration

A
  • Inspiration - diaphragm & external intercostals

* Forceful expiration - sternocleidomastoidf, pectoralis minor, & serratus anterior

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24
Q

What is Tidal Volume?

A

Volume inspired or expired per breath
Males 600mL
Females 500mL

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25
Q

What is Inspiratory Reserve Volume (IRV)

A

Maximum inspiration at end of tidal inspiration
Males 3L
Females 1.9L

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26
Q

What is Expiratory Reserve Volume (ERV)?

A

Maximum expiration at end of tidal expiration
Males 1.2L
Female 800mL

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27
Q

What is Total Lung Capacity (TLC)?

A

Volume in lungs after maximal inspiration
Males 6L
Females 4.2L

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28
Q

What is Residual Lung Volume (RLV)?

A

Volume in lungs after maximum expiration
Males 1.2L
Females 1L

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29
Q

What is Forced Vital Capacity (FVC)?

A

Maximum volume expired after maximum inspiration
Males 4.8L
Females 3.2L

30
Q

Equation for Vital Capacity (VC)

A

VC=ERV+TV+IRV

31
Q

What is hypoventilation?

A

Decrease in ventilation that results in elevated CO2 levels; slow, shallow respiration

32
Q

What is dyspnea?

A

labored or difficult breathing

33
Q

What is Orthopnea?

A

dyspnea when lying down

34
Q

What is apnea?

A

cessation of breathing at end of normal expiration

35
Q

What is Cheyne-Stokes?

A

cycles of apnea and hyperventilation; associated with brain injury

36
Q

What is Biot’s

A

repeated sequences of deep gasps and apnea

37
Q

What is apneusis

A

cessation of breathing in the inspiratory position

38
Q

What is eupnea

A

quiet normal breathing

39
Q

What is hypernea?

A

increased breathing rate to meet need

40
Q

What is hyperventilation?

A

increase in ventilation in excess of need

41
Q

What is Dalton’s Law and the equation?

A

Partial pressure is directly related to the concentration of the gas in the atmosphere

Partial Pressure=(Percentage of gas/100)xatmospheric pressure

Percentage of gas=(Partial pressure of gas/atmospheric pressure)x100

42
Q

How is oxygen carried in the blood?

A
  • Dissolved in plasma (about 20%-arterial)

* Combines with hemoglobin (oxyhemoglobin)

43
Q

How is Carbon Dioxide carried in the blood?

A
  • Dissolved in plasma (about 10%)
  • Attaches to hemoglobin (carbaminohemoglobin-about 20%)
  • Transported as HCO3 (bicarbonate ion - about 70%)
44
Q

How are bicarbonate ions formed?

A

CO2+H2O => H2CO3 => H+ +HCO3-

45
Q

Control center for Inspiratory Respiration & function

A

DRG - Dorsal Respiratory Group

Generation of respiratory rhythm, generation of inspiration

46
Q

Control center for expiratory respiration & function

A

VRG - Ventral Respiratory Group

Restores breathing rhythm homeostasis, active during forced expiration

47
Q

Control center for apneustic respiration & function

A

Pons

Increases length and depth of inspiration

48
Q

Control center for pneumotaxic respiration & function

A

PRG - Pontine Respiratory Group in the Pons

prevents over inflation of the lungs

49
Q

Layers of the GI Tract & what kinds of tissues are found in each

A
  • Mucosa - innermost layer - epithelium, connective
  • Submucosa - next layer - glandular epithelium, connective tissue, blood vessels
  • Muscularis - smooth muscle, longitudinal muscle, circular muscle
  • Serosa or adventia - outermost layer - connective tissue
50
Q

Order of the small intestine

A
  • Duodenum - about 25cm
  • Jejunum - about 2.5m
  • Ileum - 3.5m
51
Q

Order of the large intestine

A
  • Ascending colon
  • Transverse colon
  • Descending colon
  • Sigmoid colon
52
Q

What cell in stomach produces HCl acid?

A

Parietal cell

53
Q

Functions of stomach

A
  • reservoir for food storage
  • secretes gastric juice, enzymes
  • churns food
  • Secretes intrinsic factor needed for absorption of B-12
  • absorption of water, alcohol & certain drugs
  • produces gastrin and ghrelin
  • HCl acid destroys consumed pathogenic bacteria
54
Q

Function of liver

A
  • detoxify chemicals
  • synthesis and secretion of bile
  • metabolism of proteins, fats, carbohydrates
  • stores iron, oil soluble vitamins and B12
  • produces plasma proteins
  • site of hematopoiesis
55
Q

Function of gallbladder

A

*stores bile

56
Q

Structure of liver

A
  • 4 lobes - Right, left, caudate, & quadrate

* lobes divided into smaller units called lobules

57
Q

Function and parts of villi

A
  • Found on the inside wall of small intestine, jejunum
  • contains arteriole, venule, & lacteal vessel
  • columnar epithelial cells
  • lined with microvilli
58
Q

Names & Function of salivary glands

A
  • Parotid
  • sublingual
  • submandibular

Produce enzymes to digest carbohydrates (amylase), and produce mucus

59
Q

Structure & function of pancreas

A
  • pancreatic duct
  • acinar units make pancreatic juice
  • beta cells make insulin
  • alpha cells make glucagon
  • enzyme lipase
60
Q

What is mastication?

61
Q

What is deglutination?

A

swallowing

62
Q

What is segmentation?

A

mixing movement of food

63
Q

What is peristalsis?

A

wave like ripple of muscle layer of GI tract

64
Q

What is occurring during the stages of deglutination?

A
  • Oral stage - mouth to oropharynx-uvula seals off nasal cavity
  • Pharyngeal stage - oropharynx to esophagus
  • Esophageal stage - esophagus to stomach
65
Q

Action of emulsification of fats by bile

A
  • Bile emulsifies (mechanical breakdown) fats
  • lipase from the pancreas digests fats
  • end product of fat digestion is (triglyceride) glycerol & 3 fatty acids
66
Q

Action & examples of digestive enzymes

67
Q

Function of chylomicrons

A

transports fat soluble & oil soluble substances

68
Q

Phases of gastric secretions

A
  • Cephalic Phase
  • Sight, smell, taste stimulate medulla oblongata
  • Gastric phase
  • Distention, pepsinogen & HCl, protein digestion, increased gastrin
  • Intestinal Phase
  • Decreased secretion of gastrin, GIP secretion
69
Q

Examples of cofactor and coenzymes

A

COFACTOR
*ions of minerals like Ca++, Mg++, Mn++, Zn+

COENZYMES
*NADH, FADH2

70
Q

Actions & where are digestive system hormones produced?

71
Q

What is the enzyme found in RBCs which converts carbon dioxide and water to carbonic acid?

A

Carbonic anhydrase

A&P II (3 decks)

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