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A&P II > Test 1 Circulatory Pathway > Flashcards

Test 1 Circulatory Pathway Flashcards

1
Q

Plasma

A
  • fluid
  • electrolytes
  • proteins
  • clotting factors
  • gases
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2
Q

Serum

A
  • fluid
  • electrolytes
  • proteins
  • gases
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3
Q

Function of erythrocytes

A

(Red Blood Cells) carry oxygen

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4
Q

Function of platelets

A

(Thrombocytes) blood clotting

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5
Q

Function of Lymphocytes

A

(Agranular leukocyte)
T lymphocyte-cell immunity
B lymphocyte-humoral immunity

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6
Q

Function of monocyte

A

(Agranular leukocyte) phagocytic, precursor to macrophages

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7
Q

Function of neutrophil

A

(polymorphonuclear leukocytes) phagocytic-kill bacteria

light colored granules

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8
Q

Function of basophil

A

(base loving) histamine (allergies), heparin (blood thinner)

Contains purple granules

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9
Q

Function of Eosinophils

A

(acid loving) Fight parasitic worms

Contains red granules

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10
Q

Average Blood Volume

A

5 liters

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11
Q

Normal hemotocrit

A

Males: 45% (+/-7%)
Females: 42% (+/- 5%)

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12
Q

Normal Red Blood Count

A

Males: 5.0x10[6] mm[3]
Females: 4.8x10[6] mm[3]

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13
Q

Difference between anemia and polycemia

A

Low hemotocrit values may indicate anemia while hight values may indicate polycthemia

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14
Q

Structure of protein hemoglobin

A

Four polypeptide chaines (2 alpha-a chains & 2 beta chains), each containing a heme unit.
Iron binds in the middle of each heme group.

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15
Q

Life Span of Erythrocytes

A

105-120 days

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16
Q

Recycling of RBC

A

Macrophage cells phagocytose RBCs, breaking down hemoglobin. Iron is returned to bone marrow for production of new hemoglobin, bilirubin is transported to the liver, where it is excreted into the intestine as bile.

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17
Q

What hormone is produced by the liver and kidney to control erythropoiesis?

A

Erythropoietin

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18
Q

What is the immediate precursor to erythrocyte?

A

Reticulocytes

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19
Q

Normal WBC

A

4,500-10,000 WBC/microliter

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20
Q

Order of abundance (high to low) of the 5 types of WBC?

A

Neutrophil, Lymphocyte, Monocyte, Eosinophil, Basophil

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21
Q

What determines blood type?

A

Antigens on the surface of RBCs

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22
Q

Transfusion Reactions

A

Type O receives O (universal donor)
Type A receives A & O
Type B receives B & O
Type AB (universal recipient) receives O, A, B, AB

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23
Q

What conditions lead to erythroblastosis fetalis?

A

Rh- mother pregnant with an Rh+ baby

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24
Q

What ion is needed for blood clotting?

A

Ca[2+]

25
Q

Differences in intrinsic and extrinsic (Stage 1) clotting mechanism

A

Extrinsic-trauma which leads to tissue damage

Intrinsic-damage to the interior of blood vessels

26
Q

Stage 2 Blood Clotting Mechanism

A

Prothrombin is converted to thrombin with the aid of prothrombinase

27
Q

Stage 3 Blood Clotting Mechanism

A

Fibrinogen is converted to fibrin with the aid of thrombin

28
Q

Structure of pericardium

A
  • Fibrous pericardium-outside of pericardium sac
  • Inner portion which is the serous pericardium
  • Pericardium Cavity-contains a serous fluid
  • Visceral Pericardium-innermost part of the pericardium, aka epicardium
29
Q

Layers of the heart

A
  • Epicardium-outer layer, connective tissue
  • Myocardium-middle layer, cardiac muscle tissue
  • Endocardium-Endothelium, trabeculae
30
Q

Four chambers of heart

A

Left atrium, right atrium, left ventricle, right ventricle

31
Q

Four valves of the heart

A

A-V VALVES
*Tricuspid, between r atrium & r ventricle
*Biscuspid,between L atrium & L ventricle
SEMILUNAR VALVES
*Pulmonary SL Valve, between r ventricle & pulmonary trunk
*Aorta SL Valve, between the L ventricle & aorta arch

32
Q

4 Groups of blood vessels that bring blood to and away from heart

A
  • Superior and Inferior Vena Cava-bring blood to the R atrium
  • Pulmonary Trunk-leads out of the R ventricle
  • Pulmonary Veins-Comes from the lungs and goes to the left atrium
  • Aorta-Blood comes from the L ventricle & goes to the Aorta Arch
33
Q

Blood vessels for coronary circulation

A

Right and Left Coronary Arteries

34
Q

Structures of the Conduction System of the Heart

A
  • Sinoatrial Node (S-A node)-pacemaker
  • Atrioventricular Node (A-V node)
  • AV Bundle (Bundle of His)
  • Purkinje Fibers
35
Q

Nerves that go to the pacemaker of the heart

A

Sympathetic fibers-superior, middle, & inferior cardiac nerves

36
Q

Layers of tissue in walls of blood vessels

A
  • Tunica Adventitia
    • Outermost layer, connective tissue, in veins it is the thickest layer
  • Tunica Media
    • 2 layers: smooth muscle layer (receives nerves),which is thicker in arteries & elastic tissue
  • Tunica Intima
    • Endothelium cells, veins have valves; arteries do not
37
Q

Arteriole

A

Resistance vessels, smallest arteries, important in regulating blood flow to end organs

38
Q

Venules

A

small veins, precapillary sphincter muscles

39
Q

3 major blood vessels that come off the aorta arch

A

Brachiocephalic, Left Common Carotid, Left Subclavian

40
Q

Blood vessels that branch off the thoracic aorta (4)

A

Bronchial, Esophageal, Intercostal, Superior Phrenic

41
Q

Blood vessels that branch off the abdominal aorta (9)

A

Celiac, Superior Messenteric, Suprarenal, Renal, Gonadal, Inferior Messenteric, Common Iliac, External Iliac, Internal Iliac

42
Q

Blood vessels of the arm

A

Axillary, Brachial, Radial, Ulnar, Digital

43
Q

Blood vessels of the leg

A

External Iliac, Femoral, Popliteal, Anterior Tibial, Posterior Tibial, Digital

44
Q

P Wave

A

Atrial depolarization

45
Q

QRS Complex

A

Ventricular depolarization

46
Q

T Wave

A

Ventricular repolarization

47
Q

What factors influence the heart rate?

A
  • Anxiety, fear-heart rate increases
  • Exercise-heart rate increases
  • epinephrine (hormone)-heart rate increases
  • hot receptors are stimulated-heart rate increases
  • Grief-heart rate decreases
48
Q

Normal blood pressure

A

120/80

49
Q

Definition of diastole & systole

A

Diastole-relaxation of the heart

Systole-contraction of the heart

50
Q

What occurs during heart sounds (lub/dub)?

A
  • Lub-sound of A-V valves closing, start of systolic

* Dub-sound of SL valves closing

51
Q

Formula for Cardiac Output

A

CO=Stroke Volume(sv) X Heart Rate (HR)

52
Q

Factors that increase Cardiac Output?

A
  • Increases in HR
  • Increases in SV
  • Increases in Cardiac Output and peripheral resistance tend to make blood pressure higher
53
Q

What is the Starling Law?

A

The greater the strength of the heart (large volume), the greater the strength of contraction (within limits).

54
Q

What factors increase viscosity of blood?

A
  • Increased protein in the plasma
  • Increased number of RBC (hematocrit)
  • Increased viscosity increases peripheral resistance
55
Q

How is venous blood returned to the heart?

A
  • Respiratory pump
  • Decreased thoracic pressure (during inspiration)
  • Increased thoracic pressure (during expiration)
  • Pushes blood in central veins into heart
  • deeper respirations increase venous return to heart
56
Q

Five hormones that affect the heart

A
  • Aldosterone, Angiotensin I & II, ADH, Rennin - increase blood pressure
  • ANH - decreases blood pressure
57
Q

Vasoconstriction

A

More blood returns to the heart causing an increase in CO

58
Q

Vasodilation

A

less blood returns to the heart causing a decrease in CO

59
Q

Examples of Pulse Points

A

Radial, Carotid, Femoral, Brachial

A&P II (3 decks)

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