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A&P II > Test 2 Lympathic & Immune System & Stress > Flashcards

Test 2 Lympathic & Immune System & Stress Flashcards

1
Q

Function of the Lymph System

A

Maintain fluid balance & immunity

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2
Q

Function of Lymph Nodes

A

Defense and filtration, phagocytosis, hematopoiesis of lymphocytes

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3
Q

Organs of the lymph system (8)

A

thymus, spleen, lymph nodes, lymphatic vessels, vermiform appendix, and 3 pairs of tonsils

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4
Q

5 Functions of the spleen

A
  • Defense-macrophages line sinusoid
  • Tissue repair-resevoir of monocytes
  • RBC destruction & platelet destruction
  • Hematopoiesis
  • Blood resevoir
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5
Q

Location of 3 pairs of tonsils

A
  • Palatine tonsils - Oral Cavity
  • Pharyngeal tonsils - Pharynx-
  • Lingual tonsils - underneath the tongue
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6
Q

Location of important clusters of lymph nodes

A
  • Submental & Submaxillary - found in face
  • Superficial cervical - found in neck
  • Superficial cubital, supratrochlear - elbow region
  • Axillary - under arm
  • Inguinal - groin region
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7
Q

Chemical composition of lymph fluid

A
  • resembles blood plasma
  • isotonic, higher in protein than IF, lower in protein than plasma
  • volume - 2,500-2,800 ml
  • Presence of protein high to low: Plasma>Lymph>IF
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8
Q

Comparisons between lymphatic vessels and veins

A

Lymphatic vessels:

  • have thinner walls
  • have more valves
  • contain lymph nodes
  • capillaries leak proteins; lymphatic returns proteins
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9
Q

Function & Location of the Left Thoracic Duct

A

(aka L Lymphatic duct) Left side of body, drains to the rest of the body

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10
Q

Function & Location of the Right Lymphatic Duct

A

Right side of body, drains to right side of head, right side of trunk, right upper extremity

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11
Q

Changes that occur in the lymphatic tissue with age

A
  • Lymphatic organs decrease in size after puberty
  • Therefore, there is an increase risk for:
    • infection & cancer
    • hypersensitivity (much longer healing time)
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12
Q

Structure of a Typical Lymph Node

A
  • Afferent lymph vessel & Efferent lymph vessel
  • Capsule
  • Trabeculae & blood vessels
  • Hilus & blood vessels
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13
Q

Lymphatic vessels of the breast

A
  • Superficial vessels converge to form a diffuse, cutaneous lymphatic plexus
  • Subareolar plexus - located under the areola surrounding the nipple
  • 85% drains into the axillary lymphatic vessels
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14
Q

Function of the Immune System

A
  • Being able to resist particular infectious diseases causing pathogen
  • Implies protection against normal exposure
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15
Q

What is Innate Immunity

A

(Non-specific) Immunity one is born with

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16
Q

What is Adaptive Immunity

A

(Acquired) Immunity from a disease one has already had or has been vaccinated against

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17
Q

Importance of 1st Line of Defense

A

Healthy & intact skin and mucous membranes prevents pathogens from entering body

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18
Q

Function & Location of the enzyme Lysozyme

A

Chemical barrier found in tears and saliva

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19
Q

Cardinal signs of inflammation (2nd line of defense)

A
  • Heat (calor)
  • redness (rubor)
  • swelling (tumor)
  • pain (dolor)
20
Q

Steps of phagocytosis

A
  • Pseudopodia of phagocytes reach out and capture the bacteria
  • phagosome fuses with lysosome to form phagolysosome
21
Q

5 Examples of macrophages by location

A
  • Bloodstream - circulating macrophages
  • Bone - Osteoclasts
  • CNS - microglia
  • Liver - Kupffer
  • Lung - Alveolar macrophages
22
Q

Steps in the inflammation response

A
  • Response is initiated by tissue injury
  • Cells are recruited (chemotactic factors)
  • debris is removed by phagocytic cells
  • repair and regeneration
23
Q

5 Immunity System cell groups

A
  • Phagocytic cells - neutrophils, macrophages
  • AMI cells - B Cells, plasma cells, B memory cells
  • CMI cells - T killer, T helper, T suppressor, T memory cells
  • Mediator cells - mast cells, basophils
  • Natural Killer (NK) cells
24
Q

Antibody

A

large proteins produced by vertebrates that play important role in identifying and eliminating foreign objects

25
Q

Antigen

A

Found on surfaces of pathogens, recognized as non-self by immune system

26
Q

MHC (multihistocompatibility complex)

A

antigen-presenting cells

27
Q

Function of each T Cell

A
  • T cells - sensitized (activated) T cells
  • T Killer cells - release lymphokines
  • Helper T cell - present antigen to B cells
  • Suppressor T Cell - Turn off B cell response
  • Memory cell - maintains immunity
28
Q

Functions of 4 Cytokines

A
  • Chemotactic Factor (CF) - attract macrophages
  • Macrophage Activating Factor (MAF) -
  • Migration Inhibition Factor (MIF)
  • Lymphotoxin (LT) - powerful poison that kills any cell it attacks
29
Q

Function of B Cells

A
  • Naive B Cells - inactive, synthesize antibody
  • Once Naive B Cells are activated, they clone (mitosis)
  • Some form Effector B Cells (Plasma cell) and produces specific antibody
  • Others form memory B cells
30
Q

Structure of Antibody Molecule

A
  • 2 antigen binding sites
  • 2 heavy chains & 2 light chains
  • Complement binding site
  • Molecules are “Y” shaped and flexible
31
Q

Five classes of antibodies

A
  • IgA - secreted by mucous membranes
  • IgD - membrane receptors found in B cells
  • IgE - involved in allergic reactions (mast cells)
  • IgG - found in the plasma
  • IgM - found in Membranes (receptors)
32
Q

Role of complement

A
  • Group of enzymes that produce a cascade of reactions resulting in a variety of immune responses
  • Kills foreign cells by cytolysis or apoptosis
  • Complement binds to antibodies
33
Q

4 Types of Immunity

A
  • Naturally acquired active immunity - had disease
  • Naturally acquired passive immunity - from mother
  • Artificial Acquired active immunity - immunization
  • Artificial acquired passive immunity - received shot of immune IgG
34
Q

Definition of autoimmune disease & examples

A

Immune system makes antibodies against its own cells

  • Grave’s disease - thyroid (TSH) receptors
  • Rheumatoid arthritis - joints
  • Myasthenia gravis - neuromuscular junction
  • Lupus - anti-nuclear antibody
  • Multiple Sclerosis - antibody against myelin sheath
35
Q

What is the stress triad?

A
  • Hypertrophied adrenal
  • Atrophied thymus & lymph nodes
  • Bleeding ulcers
36
Q

Stages of General Adaptation Syndrome

A
  1. Alarm
  2. Resistance
  3. Exhaustion
37
Q

Effect of increased aldosterone

A

Causes sodium & fluid retention

38
Q

Effect of increased cortisone

A

Causes increase in blood sugar

39
Q

Effect of increased epinephrine

A

Causes increase secretion of ACTH & cortisone

40
Q

What causes decrease in immune function during stress

A

ACTH kills immune cells
Decreased number of lymphocytes
Decreased number of eosinophils

41
Q

Where is Stress hormone CrRH made

A

Hypothalmus

42
Q

Where is stress hormone ACTH made

A

Ant. Pituitary

43
Q

Where is stress hormone Cortisone made

A

Adrenal Cortex (raises BS)

44
Q

Where is stress hormone Aldosterone made

A

Adrenal Cortex (raises BP)

45
Q

Where is epinephrine & norepinephrine made

A

Adrenal Medulla (raises BP)

A&P II (3 decks)

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