Test 2 Lympathic & Immune System & Stress Flashcards
Function of the Lymph System
Maintain fluid balance & immunity
Function of Lymph Nodes
Defense and filtration, phagocytosis, hematopoiesis of lymphocytes
Organs of the lymph system (8)
thymus, spleen, lymph nodes, lymphatic vessels, vermiform appendix, and 3 pairs of tonsils
5 Functions of the spleen
- Defense-macrophages line sinusoid
- Tissue repair-resevoir of monocytes
- RBC destruction & platelet destruction
- Hematopoiesis
- Blood resevoir
Location of 3 pairs of tonsils
- Palatine tonsils - Oral Cavity
- Pharyngeal tonsils - Pharynx-
- Lingual tonsils - underneath the tongue
Location of important clusters of lymph nodes
- Submental & Submaxillary - found in face
- Superficial cervical - found in neck
- Superficial cubital, supratrochlear - elbow region
- Axillary - under arm
- Inguinal - groin region
Chemical composition of lymph fluid
- resembles blood plasma
- isotonic, higher in protein than IF, lower in protein than plasma
- volume - 2,500-2,800 ml
- Presence of protein high to low: Plasma>Lymph>IF
Comparisons between lymphatic vessels and veins
Lymphatic vessels:
- have thinner walls
- have more valves
- contain lymph nodes
- capillaries leak proteins; lymphatic returns proteins
Function & Location of the Left Thoracic Duct
(aka L Lymphatic duct) Left side of body, drains to the rest of the body
Function & Location of the Right Lymphatic Duct
Right side of body, drains to right side of head, right side of trunk, right upper extremity
Changes that occur in the lymphatic tissue with age
- Lymphatic organs decrease in size after puberty
- Therefore, there is an increase risk for:
- infection & cancer
- hypersensitivity (much longer healing time)
Structure of a Typical Lymph Node
- Afferent lymph vessel & Efferent lymph vessel
- Capsule
- Trabeculae & blood vessels
- Hilus & blood vessels
Lymphatic vessels of the breast
- Superficial vessels converge to form a diffuse, cutaneous lymphatic plexus
- Subareolar plexus - located under the areola surrounding the nipple
- 85% drains into the axillary lymphatic vessels
Function of the Immune System
- Being able to resist particular infectious diseases causing pathogen
- Implies protection against normal exposure
What is Innate Immunity
(Non-specific) Immunity one is born with
What is Adaptive Immunity
(Acquired) Immunity from a disease one has already had or has been vaccinated against
Importance of 1st Line of Defense
Healthy & intact skin and mucous membranes prevents pathogens from entering body
Function & Location of the enzyme Lysozyme
Chemical barrier found in tears and saliva
Cardinal signs of inflammation (2nd line of defense)
- Heat (calor)
- redness (rubor)
- swelling (tumor)
- pain (dolor)
Steps of phagocytosis
- Pseudopodia of phagocytes reach out and capture the bacteria
- phagosome fuses with lysosome to form phagolysosome
5 Examples of macrophages by location
- Bloodstream - circulating macrophages
- Bone - Osteoclasts
- CNS - microglia
- Liver - Kupffer
- Lung - Alveolar macrophages
Steps in the inflammation response
- Response is initiated by tissue injury
- Cells are recruited (chemotactic factors)
- debris is removed by phagocytic cells
- repair and regeneration
5 Immunity System cell groups
- Phagocytic cells - neutrophils, macrophages
- AMI cells - B Cells, plasma cells, B memory cells
- CMI cells - T killer, T helper, T suppressor, T memory cells
- Mediator cells - mast cells, basophils
- Natural Killer (NK) cells
Antibody
large proteins produced by vertebrates that play important role in identifying and eliminating foreign objects
Antigen
Found on surfaces of pathogens, recognized as non-self by immune system
MHC (multihistocompatibility complex)
antigen-presenting cells
Function of each T Cell
- T cells - sensitized (activated) T cells
- T Killer cells - release lymphokines
- Helper T cell - present antigen to B cells
- Suppressor T Cell - Turn off B cell response
- Memory cell - maintains immunity
Functions of 4 Cytokines
- Chemotactic Factor (CF) - attract macrophages
- Macrophage Activating Factor (MAF) -
- Migration Inhibition Factor (MIF)
- Lymphotoxin (LT) - powerful poison that kills any cell it attacks
Function of B Cells
- Naive B Cells - inactive, synthesize antibody
- Once Naive B Cells are activated, they clone (mitosis)
- Some form Effector B Cells (Plasma cell) and produces specific antibody
- Others form memory B cells
Structure of Antibody Molecule
- 2 antigen binding sites
- 2 heavy chains & 2 light chains
- Complement binding site
- Molecules are “Y” shaped and flexible
Five classes of antibodies
- IgA - secreted by mucous membranes
- IgD - membrane receptors found in B cells
- IgE - involved in allergic reactions (mast cells)
- IgG - found in the plasma
- IgM - found in Membranes (receptors)
Role of complement
- Group of enzymes that produce a cascade of reactions resulting in a variety of immune responses
- Kills foreign cells by cytolysis or apoptosis
- Complement binds to antibodies
4 Types of Immunity
- Naturally acquired active immunity - had disease
- Naturally acquired passive immunity - from mother
- Artificial Acquired active immunity - immunization
- Artificial acquired passive immunity - received shot of immune IgG
Definition of autoimmune disease & examples
Immune system makes antibodies against its own cells
- Grave’s disease - thyroid (TSH) receptors
- Rheumatoid arthritis - joints
- Myasthenia gravis - neuromuscular junction
- Lupus - anti-nuclear antibody
- Multiple Sclerosis - antibody against myelin sheath
What is the stress triad?
- Hypertrophied adrenal
- Atrophied thymus & lymph nodes
- Bleeding ulcers
Stages of General Adaptation Syndrome
- Alarm
- Resistance
- Exhaustion
Effect of increased aldosterone
Causes sodium & fluid retention
Effect of increased cortisone
Causes increase in blood sugar
Effect of increased epinephrine
Causes increase secretion of ACTH & cortisone
What causes decrease in immune function during stress
ACTH kills immune cells
Decreased number of lymphocytes
Decreased number of eosinophils
Where is Stress hormone CrRH made
Hypothalmus
Where is stress hormone ACTH made
Ant. Pituitary
Where is stress hormone Cortisone made
Adrenal Cortex (raises BS)
Where is stress hormone Aldosterone made
Adrenal Cortex (raises BP)
Where is epinephrine & norepinephrine made
Adrenal Medulla (raises BP)
