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Human anatomy > Test #3 Notes > Flashcards

Test #3 Notes Flashcards

1
Q

nervous system

A

network of neurons and neuroglia that is organized into 2 main divisions
1. central nervous system (brain and spinal cord)
2. peripheral nervous system (nerves, ganglia, enteric plexuses, and sensory receptors outside the central nervous system)

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2
Q

PNS has communication with?

A

the CNS

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3
Q

Peripheral Nervous System:
Somatic nervous system vs Autonomic nervous system

A

somatic nervous system = skeletal muscles
autonomic nervous system = involuntary muscles

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4
Q

Autonomic nervous system (ANS)

A

part of the peripheral nervous system that conveys output to smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands.
Made up of 2 parts, sympathetic nervous system and parasympathetic nervous system
also made of an enteric nervous system (just affects your intestines)
this part of the nervous system is self-governing/spontaneous

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5
Q

ganglion

A

group of neuronal cell bodies lying outside the CNS or in the PNS.
plural is ganglia
ganglia are closely associated with cranial and spinal nerves (CNS)

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6
Q

plexus

A

a network of axons, nerves, veins, or lymphatic vessels

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7
Q

What are the principal plexuses?

A
  1. cervical plexus
  2. brachial plexus
  3. lumbar plexus
  4. sacral plexus
  5. coccygeal plexus
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8
Q

the 12 cranial nerves are a part of what system?

A

CNS

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9
Q

the 31 spinal nerves are a part of what system? and are they sensory or motor or both?

A

CNS
both

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10
Q

How are the neurons associated with the 12 cranial nerves functionally classified? And how are the 31 spinal nerves functionally classified?

A
  1. Sensory neurons aka afferent neurons (toward CNS) = nerve impulse conveyed into CNS through the cranial or spinal nerves.
  2. Motor neuron aka efferent neurons (exit;away) = convey nerve impulses away from the CNS to effectors (muscles & glands) in the PNS through the cranial or spinal nerves
  3. interneurons aka association neurons = process incoming sensory info and elicits motor response. conveys impulses between sensory and motor neurons and accounts for over 99% of all neurons.
    Spinal nerves are all mixed with both motor and sensory neurons aka mixed
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11
Q

structural classification of neurons

A
  1. multipolar neuron = has many processes extending from cell body. Several dendrites and one axon (most in brain, spinal cord, and motor neurons)
  2. bipolar neuron = has 2 processes extending from cell body. 1 main dendrite and one axon. In special sensory organs (olfactory, retina, and inner ear).
  3. psuedounipolar neuron aka unipolar has 1 process extending from cell body. Has dendrites and one axon fuse together forming one process extending from cell body. (in some sensory cases; in ganglia of spinal and cranial nerves)
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12
Q

axon

A

usually single, long process of a nerve cell that propagates a nerve impulse (action potential) towards the axon terminals
faster propogation by larger axon diameter, greater amount of myelination, and warmer temperature
single axon of neuron propagates nerve impulses towards another neuron, muscle fiber, or a gland cell
axon can be as long as the length of your arm

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13
Q

synaptic end bulb

A

contain many tiny membrane-enclosed sacs called synaptic vesicles that store a neurotransmitter
it is the terminal end of axon

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14
Q

if there is enough of neurotransmitter trigger, action potentials are said to be?

A

all-or-none

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15
Q

neurons are?

A

nerve cells
communication cells and mostly one directional
functional unit of nervous system

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16
Q

CNS axons are myelinated by what glial cell?
PNS axons are myelinated by what glial cell?

A

CNS - oligodendrocyte
PNS - Schwann cells (swan is in the Pond) schwann cells also clean away cellular debris

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17
Q

what are glia cells and what do they do?

A

glia cells are cells that support neurons in the CNS. They are like the connective tissue of your CNS
they myelinate new axons
phagocytize debris and participate in inflammatory responses
participate in formation of BBB

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18
Q

what are the different types of glial cells?

A
  1. Astrocytes - most numerous, provide physical and metabolic support to CNS neurons, and help form BBB
    2.Oligodendrocytes - smaller glial cells responsible for the formation and maintenance of myelin in CNS
  2. Microglia - smallest and most rare of CNS glia, they are phagocytic & involved in inflammatory responses,
  3. ependymal cells - line the ventricles of brain and the central canal of spinal cord and it produces CSF
  4. Schwann cells - glial cells of PNS, myelinates the PNS axons, and cleans cellular debris
    Satellite cells - glial cells of PNS regulates exchanges of materials between neuronal cell bodies and interstitial fluid
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19
Q

interneurons aka association neurons are only found in ?

A

the CNS and they are what interpret information
also where you form memories

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20
Q

what are the 3 parts of a neuron?

A
  1. dendrite - main receiving or input region
  2. cell body - nucleus and cell metabolism
  3. axon - propagates nerve impulse (action potential) toward another neuron, muscle fiber, or a gland cell
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21
Q

what do we see in the axon hillock?

A

action potential (nerve impulse)

22
Q

neurolemma

A

sheath of Schwann cell and neurolemma is only found around axons in PNS
neurolemma aids in regeneration of injured axon

23
Q

IPSP (Inhibitory postsynaptic potential)
inhibitory potential

A

inhibition of postsynaptic neuron and inability to generate a nerve impulse
when neurotransmitter causes hyperpolarization of postsynaptic membrane
(Inhibit Hate)

24
Q

EPSP (excitatory postsynaptic potential)
excitation potential

A

stimuli generates nerve impulse
when neurotransmitter causes depolarization of postsynaptic membrane because it brings the membrane closer to the threshold
(when Excited you Dance)

25
Q

neurotransmitters

A

are protein built structures and triggers muscles and other neurons

26
Q

slow axonal transport vs fast axonal transport

A

slow - moves axoplasm in 1 direction only from the cell body toward the axon terminals
fast - uses proteins to move materials along neuron’s cytoskeleton and moves materials in both directions - away from and toward the cell body
they are systems for carrying materials to and from the cell body and axon terminals

27
Q

nerve cells (neurons) use glia cells to get

A

nutrients from blood because nerve tissue have no blood vessels inside

28
Q

how many neuroglia is there for every neuron?

A

50

29
Q

what are the 2 PNS glia cells?

A

Schwann cells - mylinates axons in PNS
satellite cells - regulate the exchanges of materials between neuronal cell bodies and interstitial fluid

30
Q

what are the 4 CNS glia cells?

A

microglia, (responds to pathogens) (smallest and rare)
oligodendrocyte, (myelinates)
astrocyte (creates BBB) (most abundant)
ependymal cells (in middle part of brain and produces CSF)

31
Q

few infections of the brain occur because

A

brain does not touch blood

32
Q

What 2 diseases can penetrate the BBB causing a brain infection?

A

rabies
syphylis

33
Q

meningitis

A

is airborne
causes swelling of CSF and compresses brain/spinal cord
deadly for children but not adults

34
Q

what is the conscious brain?

A

cerebrum
and is voluntary

35
Q

what is the cerebrum

A

made of 2 hemispheres and is where we have our thoughts, memory, and decision making processes

36
Q

animal cerebellum is

A

larger than their cerebrum because they are more involved in movements

37
Q

graded potentials

A

electrical signal used by neurons to communicate with one another.
for short distance communication only

38
Q

action potentials

A

electrical signal used by neurons to communicate with each other
allows communication over long distances within the body

39
Q

what is the subconcious brain?

A

the cerebellum

40
Q

nerve impulse

A

is an action potential in neurons

41
Q

more polarized (hyperpolarized) is

A

more negative inside

42
Q

less polarized (depolarized) is

A

less negative inside

43
Q

descending fibers are

A

motor

44
Q

ascending fibers are

A

sensory

45
Q

classification of nerve fibers

A

A fibers = largest diameter axons and are myelinated
B fibers = myelinated with saltatory conduction
C fibers = smallest diameter axons and unmyelinated

46
Q

Rami

A

spinal nerve divided into several branches

47
Q

dermatome

A

area of skin that provides sensory input to the CNS via one pair of spinal nervves

48
Q

what are the 3 connective tissue coverings associated with the spinal nerves

A

endoneurium
perineurium
epineurium

49
Q

how are the 31 pairs of spinal nerves ordered?

A

8 pairs of cervical nerves
12 thoracic
5 lumbar
5 sacral
1 coccygeal

50
Q
A

Human anatomy (12 decks)

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