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Human anatomy > Chapter 4: Tissues > Flashcards

Chapter 4: Tissues Flashcards

1
Q

what are the 4 basic tissue types?

A

1.epithelial
2.connective
3.nervous
4.muscular

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2
Q

epithelial tissue function

A

to cover structures, to line structures, is avascular, and makes up glands
protects
secretes (mucus, hormones, enzymes)
absorbs (nutrients in digestive canal)
excretes (various substances in urinary tract)
filtrates

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3
Q

connective tissue function

A

to connect

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4
Q

nervous tissue function

A

for communication, and is also avascular
combines with epithelial tissue to form special organs for smell, hearing, vision, and touch

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5
Q

epithelial tissue

A

cells arranged in continuous sheets, either single or multiple layers
little intercellular space between adjacent plasma membranes (closely packed + held tightly together)

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6
Q

2 types of epithelial tissue

A

surface epithelium (covering and lining epithelium)
glandular epithelium (makes up secreting portion of gland)

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7
Q

location of surface epithelium

A

forms outer covering of the skin and some internal organs
forms inner lining of blood vessels, ducts, and body cavities.
lines respiratory, digestive, urinary, and genital systems

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8
Q

location of glandular epithelium

A

thyroid gland
suprarenal (adrenal) glands
sweat glands
digestive glands

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9
Q

apical (free) surface

A

of an epithelial cell faces the body surface, a body cavity, the lumen of internal organ, or a tubular duct that recieves cell secretions.
May contain cilia or microvilli
(most superficial layer of cells)

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10
Q

lateral surface

A

of an epithelial cell face adjacent cells on either side, may contain tight junctions, adhering junctions, desmosomes, and or gap junctions

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11
Q

basal surface

A

of an epithelial cell adheres to extracellular materials such as the basement membrane.
hemidesmosomes anchor the basal surface to the basement membrane
(deepest layer of cells)

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12
Q

basement membrane

A

Found between an epithelial tissue and a connective tissue
It’s a thin extracellular layer that has 2 layers
1. basal lamina
2. reticular lamina

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13
Q

fibroblast

A

connective tissue cells that produces the protein collagen and produces ground substance
a large flat cell that secretes most of the extracellular matrix of areolar and dense connective tissues

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14
Q

basement membrane functions

A

Form a surface where epithelial cells migrate during growth or wound healing
Restrict passage of larger molecules between epithelium and connective tissue
Participate in filtration of blood in kidneys

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15
Q

why is epithelial tissue avascular?

A

(without vessel)
because it relies on blood vessels of adjacent connective tissue to bring nutrients and remove wastes
exchange of substances is by diffusion

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16
Q

how are surface epithelium classified?

A

according to 2 characteristics
1.arrangement of cell layers
2. shapes of cells

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17
Q

psuedostratified epithelium

A

may contain cilia and goblet cells
have cell nucelei lie at different levels
actually a simple epithelium because all cells rest on basement membrane

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18
Q

stratified epithelium

A

have two or more layers of cells that protect underlying tissue in locations where there is considerable wear and tear

19
Q

simple epithelium

A

a single layer of cells that function in
diffusion
osmosis
filtrations
secretion
absorption

20
Q

columnar cells

A

may have cilia or microvilli
specialized for secretion or absorption

21
Q

cuboidal cells

A

may have microvilli and function in secretion or absorption

22
Q

squamous cells

A

allows rapid passage of substances through them

23
Q

transitional cells

A

change shape

24
Q

connective tissue

A

one of the most abundant tissues in the body
binds together
supports
strengthens
protects and insulates other organs
compartmentalizes structures like skeletal muscles
serves as major transport system within the body
primary location of stored energy reserves

25
Q

contact inhibition

A

cell stops growing in direction where it touches something

26
Q

different types of epithelial tissue are classified by 3 criteria

A
  1. cell shape
  2. cellular arrangement
  3. Accessory Structure - keratin and goblet cell
27
Q

what muscle tissue type is voluntary, involuntary, striated, and nonstriated?

A

skeletal muscle is voluntary and striated
cardiac muscle is involuntary and striated
smooth muscle is involuntary and nonstriated

28
Q

striated muscle fiber

A

has nucleus on outside of fibers

29
Q

intercalated disc

A

identifies cardiac muscle
indicated begining and end of cell

30
Q

what are the 3 types of loose connective tissue

A

areolar connective tisse
adipose tissue
reticular connective tissue

31
Q

what are the 3 types of dense connective tissue

A
  1. dense regular connective tissue
  2. dense irregular connective tissue
  3. elastic connective tissue
32
Q

what are the 3 types of cartilage

A
  1. hyaline cartilage (the weakest and most abundant)
  2. fibrocartilage (the strongest)
  3. elastic cartilage
33
Q

chondrocyte

A

mature cartilage cell

34
Q

perichondrium

A

membrane that covers cartilage

35
Q

fibrocartilage

A

for strength and rigidity and is the strongest of the 3 cartilages
has chondrocytes, lacunae, ground substance, and collagen fibers
Found in meniscus and intervertabral discs

36
Q

hyaline cartilage

A

most abundant cartilage in body and the weakest
found in joints (articular cartilage) and ribs (costal cartilage)
also found in nose, larynx, trachea, bronchi, and bronchial tubes
contains, perichondrium, chondrocytes, lacunae, and ground substance

37
Q

elastic cartilage

A

for strength and elasticity and maintains shape of certain structures
contains perichondrium, chondrocytes, lacuenae, ground substance, elastic fibers

38
Q

what are the major types of connective tissue?

A

loose connective tissue
dense irregular connective tisse
dense regular connective tissue
elastic connnective tissue
embryonic connective tissue

39
Q

What are the three types of connective tissue fibers?

A

reticular fibers
elastic fibers
collagen fibers

40
Q

what type of connective tissue is in tendon?

A

dense regular connective tissue
tendon has elongated fibroblast

41
Q

What type of connective tissue provides support for skin?

A

dense irregular connective tissue

42
Q

what cells do adipose tissue contain?

A

mast cells

43
Q

what are some ground substances?

A

hyaluronic acid
chondroitin sulfate
dermatan sulfate
keratan sulfate
ahesion proteins
bronectin

44
Q

meniscus of the knee and intervertabral disc has

A

fibrocartilage

Human anatomy (12 decks)

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