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Anatomy > Test 3 Lecture > Flashcards

Test 3 Lecture Flashcards

1
Q

what is digestion?

A

the mechanical and chemical breakdown of material

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2
Q

what is motility?

A

movement of material from the oral cavity to the anus-

swallowing / peristalsis

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3
Q

what is secretion?

A

exocrine release of substances into the lumen of the

digestive tract for chemical digestion

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4
Q

what is absorption?

A

movement of material from the lumen into the blood

stream

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5
Q

What is the alimentary canal/ GI tract?

A

a continuous tube that is about 30 feet in length and consists of the oral cavity, esophagus, stomach, small intestines, large int., and rectum

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6
Q

what are accessory organs?

A

digestive organs outside of canal that communicate with GI tract via ducts. They include salivary glands, pancreas, liver, gallbladder, teeth, and tongue

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7
Q

what are the four layers of the gastrointestinal tract?

A

tunica mucosa
tunica submucosa
tunica muscularis externa
tunica serosa (visceral peritoneum)

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8
Q

describe tunica mucosa

A

a mucus membrane made up of moist epithelial tissue and loose connective tissue
Folding increases surface area

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9
Q

describe tunica submucosa

A

areolar connective tissue that usually contains glands

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10
Q

describe tunica muscularis externa

A

2 or 3 layers of smooth muscle (3 in stomach only)

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11
Q

describe tunica serosa

A

connective tissue in the serous membrane. NOT in

esophagus/rectum-in theses regions it called tunica adventitia

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12
Q

what are the features of smooth muscle?

A

No sarcomere arrangement, No striations
Many have no efferent innervation
Gap junctions, Arranged in sheets
Ability to stretch

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13
Q

what are the two forms of contraction?

A

Peristalsis and segmentation

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14
Q

what is peristalsis?

A

net movement of material towards rectum

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15
Q

what is segmentation?

A

mixing and churning of material with no net movement

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16
Q

list the features of the salivary glands

A

Slightly different secretions
Stimulated by parasympathetic
Release enzymes
Lubrication oral cavity

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17
Q

what is the role of the submandibular salivary gland in the production of saliva?

A

it releases 70% of all saliva produced

18
Q

what is dentin?

A

dentin of teeth is similar to inorganic portion of bone

19
Q

what type of joint connects teeth to the mandible and maxilla?

A

gomphosis joint (this is the only example of gomphosis joint in the body)

20
Q

what are the funtions of incisors?

A

clipping/ cutting

21
Q

what are the functions of canines?

A

tearing/slashing

22
Q

what are the functions of premolars and molars?

A

mashing/grinding

23
Q

how many teeth do babies have? adults?

A

there are 20 deciduous teeth (baby teeth) and 32 permanent dentition (adult teeth)

24
Q

what are the features of the esophagus?

A

Tunica muscularis- superior 1/3 skeletal muscle
No serosa instead adventitia
About 1 ft long

25
Q

what are the features of the stomach?

A

Tunica muscularis has three layers of muscle
Tunica mucosa has folds (rugae) when empty
G cells release hormone, Gastrin
Mucous layer protects epithelia of stomach from stomach acids
Fluid leaving stomach is acid known as chyme

26
Q

what are the features of the small intestines?

A
  • 90 percent of nutrient absorption (mostly in jejunum)
  • Contains plicae, villi, microvilli to increase surface area
  • Releases hormones CCK & secretin
  • Lacteal absorption of lipids
  • mucus and buffers (neutralize acid chyme)
27
Q

what differentiates the three sections of the small intestines?

A 
Duodenum is 10 in long, 
Receives digestive juices from liver
jejunum is 8 ft long 
ileum is 12 ft long 
Peyers patch more common in ileum
28
Q

what are the features and functions of the large intestines?

A 
5 ft long 
Larger diameter than small intestines
Absorption of vitamins 
Reabsorption of water & electrolytes 
Compaction & storage of feces
29
Q

what is the function of valves?

A

Valves regulate passage of material from segment to segment

30
Q

where is the first valve of the digestive system located?

A

pharynx/ esophagus

31
Q

what is the cardiac sphincter?

A

the valve connecting the esophagus and the stomach

32
Q

what is the pyloric sphincter?

A

the valve connecting the stomach and the small intestines

33
Q

what is the iliocecal valve

A

the valve connecting the small and large intestines

34
Q

what are the three main functions of the liver?

A

metabolic regulation
hematological regulation
synthesis of bile and bile salts

35
Q

what are the features of metabolic regulation?

A

– absorbed nutrients are further metabolized in the liver
– Toxins brake down
– Fat soluble vitamins stored in liver

36
Q

what are the features of hematological regulation?

A

– Liver receives 25% of blood from aorta
– breakdown of old/damaged blood cells
– Makes plasma proteins

37
Q

what are the functions of synthesis of bile and bile salts?

A

– Bile-pH buffer neutralize stomach acid

– bile salts aid in break down of lipids

38
Q

what is the gallbladder responsible for?

A

storing and increasing concentration of bile

release of bile

39
Q

what are the functions of the pancreas?

A

Majority of pancreas has digestive (exocrine) function
Releases pancreatic juice to the duodenum via pancreatic duct
Majority of chemical digestion

40
Q

what enzymes are released in the oral cavity? how?

A

Amylase (metabolizes carbohydrates) and Lipase (metabolizes lipids) are released through the Salivary Glands

41
Q

what enzymes are released in the stomach? how?

A

Pepsinogen ( metabolizes proteins) are released from Chief Cells, mixes with HCL which come from Parietal Cells

42
Q

what enzymes are released in the duodenum? how?

A

Pancreatic Juice (metabolizes lipids, carbs, proteins) is released from Pancreas
Brush-border Enzymes (metabolizes lipids, carbs, proteins) are released from Absorptive Cells
Bile (emulsification of lipid) is released from Liver & Gallbladder

Anatomy (8 decks)

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