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Anatomy > Quiz 2 Lecture > Flashcards

Quiz 2 Lecture Flashcards

1
Q

Spinal cord

A 
Part of CNS
Sends afferent/efferent signals
Processes and integrates info
Responsible for reflexes
Extends to L2/L4 vertebrae
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2
Q

Spinal position in body

A
  • Spinal Cord growth stops at about age 4
  • Vertebral column ( bones) continues to grow until full height
  • Tapers to conus medullaris- inferior end
  • Filum terminale originates off of conus medullaris
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3
Q

conus medullaris

A

Cone shaped tapering of spinal cord

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4
Q

filum terminale

A

Fibrous thread extending from conus medullaris to sacrum

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5
Q

cauda equina

A

‘Horse’s tail’

• Comprised of spinal nerves and filum terminale

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6
Q

spinal cord enlargements

A

• Cervical enlargement
– More interneurons here innervating pectoral girdle and upper limbs

• Lumbosacral enlargement
– More interneurons here innervating pelvis and lower limbs

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7
Q

how many segments in the spinal cord? and what are they associated with?

A 
spinal cord is divided into 31 segments: 8 cervical, 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar, and 1 coccyx.
Each segment is associated with: 
1. Dorsal root ganglion 
2. Dorsal root 
3. Ventral root
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8
Q

protection of spinal cord

A
  • Epidural space- filled with connective tissue that separates dura mater from walls of vertebral canal
  • Cerebral Spinal Fluid- cushions cord
  • Meninges- Dura mater, Arachnoid, Pia mater
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9
Q

Denticulate ligaments

A

-lateral extensions of the pia mater that prevent spinal cord from moving laterally

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10
Q

transverse section of spinal cord

A
  • Superficial white matter
  • Deep gray matter butterfly wings shape
  • D.A.V.E.
  • Dorsal region of the spinal cord carry Afferent signals
  • Ventral region of the spinal cord carry Efferent signals
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11
Q

gray matter of spinal cord

A

• Mostly cell bodies and interneurons that are unmyelinated
• The “wings” of the grey matter represent the:
– Dorsal (posterior) horn (somatic/visceral sensory nuclei)
– Ventral (anterior) horn (somatic-voluntary- motor cell bodies).
– Lateral horn (T1-L2) visceral motor neurons- sympathetic
• Gray commissures
– Axons of interneurons crossing from right & left sides

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12
Q

white matter of spinal cord

A 
arranged in funiculi/columns 
– (lateral / anterior / posterior) 
– Each column contains tracts 
– Axons that share structural or functional similarities 
 Tracts & Columns 
• White matter in CNS 
– Tracts 
• Bundles of axons that share a common origin and destination 
– Columns 
• Several tracts together
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13
Q

clinical aspects

A
  • Lumbar Punctures/Spinal Taps
  • Between L3 & L4
  • Small amt of CSF from Sub-Arachnoid space.
  • Analysis- For presence of WBC, pathogens, metabolic wastes, etc.
  • Epidural/Spinal Blocks
  • anesthesia is placed into the epidural space
  • In sacral region produces a “causal block” common for childbirth.
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14
Q

describe the adult brain

A

Adult brain Contains 95% of all neural tissue is about 3 pounds and is the texture of firm tofu

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15
Q

embryology

A

3 week embryo, 3 primary brain vesicles

3 primary vesicles grow to form 5 secondary vesicles.

Prosencephalon forms:
Telencephalon, & diencephalon

Mesencephalon->mesencephalon

Rhombencephalon forms:
Metencephalon, Myelencephalon

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16
Q

5 major regions of the brain

A 
Telencephalon = cerebrum 
Diencephalon 
Includes the thalamus, hypothalamus 
Mesencephalon = midbrain 
Metencephalon 
Includes pons & cerebellum 
Myelencephalon = medulla oblongata
17
Q

cranial meninges

A

Protective layers around the brain
Provide physical stability and shock absorption

Dura mater-2 Tough fibrous layers
Arachnoid mater-middle layer, with blood vessels
Pia mater-attached to CNS

18
Q

Dura mater

A

Two sublayers with space in between
Dural sinuses: large veins found in between the 2 layers

Dura mater folds into the deep fissures of the brain called Falx cerebri and Tentorium cerebelli

19
Q

arachnoid mater

A

Deep to arachnoid is subarachnoid space
Network of collagen and elastic fibers (arachnoid trabeculae)
Contains blood vessels

20
Q

protection of brain

A
  • Cranial meninges
  • Cerebrospinal fluid
  • Cranium = skull bones
  • blood-brain barrier- astrocytes are responsible
21
Q

ventricles of the brain

A

• Spaces that contain cerebrospinal fluid
• 4 ventricles
– 1) right lateral ventricle
– 2) left lateral ventricle
– 3) third ventricle
• Cerebral aqueduct connects 3rd and 4th ventricle
– 4) fourth ventricle

22
Q

cerebral spinal fluid

A
  • Cushions the CNS
  • Supports the brain-the brain is floating in the CSF
  • Transport nutrient/wastes etc.
  • Fills ventricles

– Produced in choroid plexus within brain ventricles
– Drains into arachnoid granulations drain into superior sagittal sinus

23
Q

Choroid Plexus

A
  • Produces CSF 500 ml/day
  • Composed of ependymal cells and capillaries
  • Found at the edge of each ventricle
  • Choroid = vascular
  • Plexus = braid
24
Q

cerebral lobes

A

– Frontal Controls skeletal muscles (primary motor cortex)

– Temporal auditory & olfactory cortex

– Insula Gustatory cortex (taste)

– Parietal Receives general sensory info (somatic sensory cortex)

– Occipital Visual cortex

25
Q

telencephalon

A

• Central white matter

– Corpus callosum – myelinated tract connecting left and right hemispheres

26
Q

diencephalon

A

-epithalamus, thalamus, hypothalamus

• Surrounds 3rd ventricle

27
Q

mesencepahlon

A 
• Corpora quadrigemina – four nuclei located posteriorly 
– Superior colliculi (two) 
• Visual reflexes 
– Inferior colliculi (two) 
• Auditory reflexes
28
Q

cerebellum

A

• Functions
– Skeletal muscle coordination (subconscious)
– Maintains balance and equilibrium by subconscious adjustment of postural muscles

29
Q

myelencphalon

A

Medulla Oblongata - Cardiovascular, digestive & respiratory centers
• Tracts
– Connect brain and spinal cord

30
Q

Pineal gland

A

biological clock produces melatonin

31
Q

Interthalamic adhesion

A

connects the two sides of thalamus
• “Walls” of 3rd ventricle
Process & relay sensory & motor info

32
Q

brain stem

A

Includes midbrain, pons and medulla oblongata

Anatomy (8 decks)

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