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Anatomy > Test 2 > Flashcards

Test 2 Flashcards

1
Q
A

supinator

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2
Q

Types of exocrine glands

A

Serous- viscous solution

Mucous- mucous solution

Mixed- both viscous and mucous

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2
Q

Transverse tubules

A

T-tubules

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3
Q
A

stratified squamous non-keratinized

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3
Q

Terminal cisternae

A

Widened ends of sarcoplasmic reticulum

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3
Q

Sarcomere

A

Functional unit of skeletal muscle, sarcomeres are connected in series to make myofibrils. About 10,000 sarcomeres make myofibrils, each sarcomeres contracts shortening length of myofibril.

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3
Q
A

neuromuscular junction

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4
Q

Describe the structure of dermis

A

• Composed of connective tissue
• Highly vascular
• Contain nerves and sensory receptors
• Located deep to the epidermis
• Has two layers:
– Papillary layer provides nutrients, O2 etc to the epidermis
– Reticular layer-interwoven network of collagen fibers
surrounding dermal organs

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4
Q
A

soleus

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5
Q

accessory structures

A

• Hair, nails, & glands in the skin (dermis)
• Hair grows everywhere except areas with thick skin and portions of
the external genitalia
• Hair is formed in organs called follicles
• Hair give added sensory info and protects orifices of the body
(nostrils, ears)

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6
Q
A

sternocleidomastoid

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7
Q
A

zygomaticus major

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9
Q
A

quadratus lumborum

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9
Q
A

subscapularis

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10
Q
A

tendinous inscriptions

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11
Q
A

simple columnar

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11
Q
A

coracobrachialis

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12
Q
A

cross sec. muscle

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13
Q
A

palmar carpal ligament

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14
Q
A

simple squamous

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15
Q
A

iliacus

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16
Q

connective tissue

A

• Epimysium-surrounds the entire muscle
• Perimysium-surrounds fascicles
• Fasicle-a bundle of muscle cells
•Endomysium-surrounds individual muscle cells
• Epimmysium & perimysium are attachment sites for nerves & blood
vessels

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16
Q
A

gracilis

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17
Q

hair

A
  • Types of hairs on the body:
  • Vellus hairs-“peach fuzz” over most of the body
  • Intermediate hairs-hairs growth stimulated by hormones
  • Terminal hairs-hairs on head, eyebrows, eyelashes
  • Hair is dead keratinized epithelial cells
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18
Q
A

pectoralis major

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20
Q

What are the three factors that determine skin color?

A

thickness

melenocyte activity

blood supply

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21
Q
A

superior extensor retinaculum

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22
Q

Papillary layer

A

Consists of areolar CT
provides nutrients, O2 etc to the epidermis

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23
Q
A

dermis hypodermis

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23
Q
A

nervous tissue

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24
Q
A

sartorius

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25
Q

thick skin vs. thin skin

A

• Thick skin has 5 layers in the epidermis-includes the
stratum lucidum, plantar/palmar

• Thick skin has a thicker stratum corneum

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26
Q

functions of integument

A

• Protection from the environment-the skin is the superficial surface
of the body
• Thermoregulation-secretions from sweat glands in the skin cool the
body down
• Storage of lipids-adipose tissue (fat)
• Vitamin D synthesis-stimulates bone growth
• Provides sensory info-sensory receptors located in the skin

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27
Q

hypodermis

A
  • Loose CT, adipose cells
  • Different regional distributions of adipose in males and females
  • Stabilizes position of organs
  • Maintain temperature
  • Energy reserve
  • Cushion
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28
Q
A

gluteus maximus

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29
Q
A

dorsal carpal ligament

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29
Q
A

extensor hallucis longus

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30
Q

layers of epidermis

A 
Stratum basale (germinativum)-attached to
 basement membrane, contains stem cells & melanocytes

Stratum spinosum-, stem cells develop into keratinocytes,
melanocytes

Stratum granulosum-keratinization begins, adding membrane
proteins, cells thin, organelles die

Stratum lucidum-only in thick skin (palmar & plantar regions),
very thin cells

Stratum corneum-at surface of skin
Layers of dead interlocking keratinocytes
Contains large amount of keratin
Makes a dry water resistant layer

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30
Q
A

pronator teres

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31
Q
A

adductor longus

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32
Q
A

trapezius

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35
Q
A

transitional epithelium

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36
Q
A

pseudostratified ciliated columnar

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37
Q

sweat glands

A

• Apocrine-in the axillary, areolae & inguen regions
• Secretes into hair
• Merocrine (AKA eccrine)– Secrete onto skin
– Smaller and more superficial than apocrine glands
• Mammary glands-modified apocrine glands that release breast milk
• Cerumious glands-modified apocrine glands that release cerumen
(ear wax)

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37
Q
A

adductor magnus

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38
Q
A

extensor retinaculum

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39
Q
A

flexor retinaculum

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39
Q
A

quadriceps tendon/ patellar ligament

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40
Q

dermis

A

– Papillary layer- areolar CT
• Pacinian corpuscle-sensory receptors for soft touch
– Reticular layer- dense irregular CT
• Sebaceous glands- oily secretions
• Eccrine sweat glands-watery secretions
• Apocrine sweat glands- smelly secretions

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41
Q
A

flexor carpi ulnaris

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42
Q
A

rhomboid muscle group

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42
Q
A

thoracolumbar fascia

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43
Q
A

extenstor carpi raidalis

longus-proximal, medial

brevis-distal, lateral

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44
Q

sebaceous glands

A
  • Branch off of hair follicles
  • Release oily secretion on to hair
45
Q
A

rectus femoris

46
Q
A

extensor digitorum

48
Q
A

thick epidermis

49
Q
A

triceps brachii

lateral head- lateral

long head- medial

medial head- deep

49
Q
A

vastus medialis

50
Q

Mechanisms of exocrine

A

Merocrine-secretion released through exocytosis

Apocrine- secretion released when cells are shed

Holocrine- secretion released when membrane ruptures

50
Q
A

tibialis anterior

51
Q
A

external abdominal oblique

52
Q
A

supraspinatus

53
Q
A

extensor carpi ulnaris

55
Q

Layering of epithelial cells

A

Simple- 1 layer. All contact basement membrane

Stratified- 2+ layers

Pseudostratified- 1 layer. Irregular shape

56
Q
A

orbicularis oculi

56
Q
A

psoas major

57
Q
A

cardiac muscle

58
Q

Tendons & aponeuroses

A
  • Tendons attach skeletal muscle to bone, skin, or another muscle
  • Aponeuroses-a wide flat tendon
59
Q
A

deltoid

60
Q
A

erector spinae group

spinalis- medial

longissimus- intermediate

ilicostalis- lateral

61
Q
A

flexor carpi radialis

62
Q

Motor unit

A

All of the muscle fibers controlled by a single motor neuron, can range from 2-2,000 muscle fibers per motor unit

63
Q

sliding filament theory

A

when a skeletal muscle contracts:

  • I-band gets shorter
  • Z-lines move closer together
  • myofilaments (actin and myosin) stay the same length
  • two myofilaments move alongside each other
64
Q
A

gastrocnemius

65
Q
A

stratified squamous keratinized

65
Q

Thin filaments

A

• Contains actin, tropomyosin, and troponin • Tropomyosin blocks the active site on actin • Troponin holds tropomyosin in place • Calcium binds to troponin causing dissociation of the troponin- tropomyosin complex Thick filament • Contain bundles of myosin molecules • The tail of myosin is attached to the center of the sarcomere, M-line • The head of myosin attaches to actin if Ca is present in the sarcoplasm

66
Q
A

temporalis

67
Q
A

vastus intermedius

69
Q
A

rectus sheath

71
Q
A

rectus muscle

72
Q
A

palmaris longus

73
Q
A

diaphragm

74
Q
A

calcaneal tendon

76
Q

organization of muscle fibers

A
  • Muscle fascicles are organized six different ways:
  • Parallel-parallel to the long axis of the muscle

•Convergent-converge from a
wide area to a small area

•Circular-concentrically
arranged around a opening

•Unipennate-at an angle on o
ne side of the tendon

•Bipennate- at an angle on both sides of the tendon

•Multipennate-converge from a wide
area to a small area. The
tendon branches with muscle

77
Q
A

orbicularis oris

79
Q
A

brachioradialis

80
Q
A

piriformis

81
Q
A

oblique muscle

82
Q

muscular tissue

A

Muscle tissue is contractile and produce force
Three types:
Skeletal muscle-muscles attached to the skeleton,
voluntary control by nervous sys.
Cardiac muscle-heart, involuntary control
Smooth muscle-blood vessels, hollow organs (urinary
bladder, uterus), iris, involuntary control

84
Q

lines of cleavage

A

• Collagen & elastic fibers are arranged in parallel bundles in the skin
• Incisions parallel to the lines of cleavage heal faster than incisions
at a right angle to the line of cleavage

85
Q

hypodermis

A

– Adipose CT
– Pacinian corpuscles-sensory receptors for deep pressure

86
Q

skeletal muscle

A

moves the skeleton by pulling on the tendons that
are connected to the bones

Function of skeletal muscle
• Locomotion
• Maintain posture
• Support of soft tissues
• Regulation of orifices
• Maintain body temperature

87
Q

nails

A

• Protect distal ends of finger & toes
• Stratum corneum forms the hyponychium and eponychium
• Blood vessels give the pink color
Layers of the integument-review
• Epidermis-stratified squamous epithelial tissue
– Stratum corneum-thicker in thick skin-palmar/plantar
– Stratum lucidum-only in thick skin
– Stratum granulosum-contains keratin & melanin & keratinization begins
– Stratum spinosum-contains melanin
– Stratum basale (germinativum)-contain melanocytes-melanin

88
Q
A

masseter

89
Q
A

teres minor

90
Q
A

gluteus medius

92
Q
A

latissimus dorsi

94
Q
A

rectus abdominus

95
Q
A

pectineus

97
Q
A

epidermis dermis

98
Q

exercise and muscle hypertrophy

A

•Exercise causes skeletal muscles to develop more
myofilaments per sarcomere
•Hypertrophy of each muscle cell
makes the entire muscle larger
•Increased concentrations of mitochondria & glycolytic enzymes

101
Q

origins/ insertions/ actions of muscles

A

•Origins & insertions-the point on
the skeleton where the tendon of a
muscle attaches to the skeleton
•Origin-proximal to the
insertion (appendages)
•Actions-sarcomeres contract to
pull the insertion closer to
the origin
–
Move the skeleton (flexion, elevation, etc)

102
Q
A

brachialis

103
Q

types of muscle

A

Cardiac muscle-pumps blood through the heart

Smooth muscle-various functions in many diverse organs (arrector
pilli muscle, iris, uterus, stomach, ductus deferens)

Skeletal muscle-moves the skeleton by pulling on the tendons that
are connected to the bones

104
Q
A

infraspinatus

105
Q

Properties of epithelial tissues

A

Cellularity- cells are closely bound by cell junctions making a wide sheet

Attachment- the deepest layer is attached to basement membrane

Polarity- opposite ends have distinct features and functions

Avascularity- lacking blood vessels

Regeneration- damaged tissue is regrown

106
Q

Epithelial cell shapes

A

Squamous- flat, irregular

Cuboidal- cube-shaped

Columnar- tall, thin

107
Q
A

linea alba

108
Q

reticular layer

A

– Reticular layer-interwoven network of collagen fibers surrounding
dermal organs
– Wrinkles and stretch marks arise from degradation of the
reticular layer

109
Q
A

serratus anterior

110
Q

Epithelial tissue

A

Sheets of cells that cover exposed surfaces, line body cavities, ducts, and vessels.

110
Q
A

simple cuboidal

111
Q
A

semimembranosus

112
Q
A

sebaceous gland

113
Q
A

internal abdominal oblique

114
Q
A

biceps brachii

long head- lateral

short head- medial

115
Q
A

smooth muscle

116
Q
A

iliotibial tract

117
Q
A

extensor digitorum longus

118
Q
A

axillary skin sweat glands

119
Q
A

skeletal muscle

120
Q
A

tensor fasciae latae

122
Q

Describe the action potential of a motor neuron

A

Motor neuron release neurotransmitter Ach Changes in sarcolemma permeability to ions Generation of electrical impulse called and action potential

124
Q
A

transverse abdominis

126
Q
A

intercostals

exterior- lateral, superficial

interior- medial, deep

127
Q
A

pectoralis minor

128
Q
A

inferior extensor retinaculum

129
Q

Sarcoplasmic reticulum

A

Storage of calcium ions (Ca 2+)

130
Q
A

semitendinosus

131
Q
A

biceps femoris

132
Q

Muscle fiber microanatomy

A

• Sarcolemma-plasma membrane of muscle cells • Sarcoplasm-cytoplasm of muscle fibers • Skeletal muscle fibers have multiple nuclei – fusion of multiple myoblasts

133
Q

Myofibrils

A

Bundles of microfilaments Actin: thin filaments Myosin: thick filaments

134
Q
A

fibularis longus

Anatomy (8 decks)

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