Test 3 (Final) Flashcards
1
Q
Transition From the Late Middle Ages
A
- Fragmented Feudal Society (Pre-12th c)
- Agricultural Economy
- Church Dominated thought
2
Q
Transition Toward Early Modern Era
A
- Centralization, national sentiment
- Urban, commercial-capitalists economy
- Growing thought of Culture
3
Q
The Italian Renaissance
A
- Beginning with the deaths of Petrarch (“Father of Humanism”) and Boccaccio
- Ending with the sack of Rome by Spanish imperial soldiers
- Civic Humanism (Civic reform + Humanism) - spread from Italy through Northern Europe
4
Q
Italian City-States
A
- Milan, Florence, Venice, Papal States, Naples (5 most important)
- Prosperous Urban centers of trade and commerce
- Left to Develop by endemic warfare between the popes and holy Roman emperors
- Many City-States hired Despots to keep order usually by mercenary armies obtained from Military Brokers called condottieri
- Art and Culture flourished Because of the profusion of Wealth
5
Q
Italian City-State Social Classes
A
- Old Rich
- New Rich
- Small Business Owners
- Workers
6
Q
Cosimo de Medici
A
- Banker and Statesmen in Florence
7
Q
Humanism
A
- The scholarly study of Greek and Latin classics and the ancient church fathers as an end in itself and as a guide to reforming society
8
Q
Advocated Liberal Arts Study
A
- Grammar, rhetoric, poetry, history, politics, philosophy - that celebrated the dignity the humankind and prepared one for a life of virtuous actions
9
Q
Italian Humanists
A
- Medieval Scholastic governed by an evolving tradition created by summarizing/reconciling views of commentators on subjects studied
- ## Renaissance Humanists bypassed layers of interpretation to go directly to original sources
10
Q
Petrarch
A
- Father of Humanism
- Modeled his writing on the Roman literature of Cicero, Livy, Vergil, Horace
- Classical and Christian Values coexist in his works
11
Q
Revival of Greek Studies
A
- Education Reforms guided by ideas of useful education & becoming a well rounded person
12
Q
Florentine Academy
A
- ## A gathering of of influential Florentine humanists devoted to reviving Plato & the Neoplatonists
13
Q
Platonism
A
- Flattering view of human reason as a part of the ideal (eternal) world versus the real (perishable) world and human freedom
14
Q
High Renaissance Art
A
- Embraced Natural world and human emotion
- Characterized by rational order, symmetry, proportionality
- Enhanced by two new techniques
- Linear perspective & chiaroscuro(use of shading to enhance naturalness
15
Q
Leonardo da Vinci
A
- Painter, Adviser to kings, engineer, botanist, physiologist
- Created the last Supper and Mona Lisa
16
Q
Raphael
A
- Painter
- Painted “The school of Athens”
17
Q
Michelangelo
A
- Artist
- Sculpted “Pieta” and “David”
- Painted the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel
18
Q
Italy’s Political Decline
A
- Treaty of Lodi - peace ended in 1494
- First French Invasion by King Charles VIII stormed through Italy, invited by ruler of Milan, later driven back out
- Pope Alexander VI - corrupt member of Borgia family - his son (Cesare)
- Second French Invasion by King Louise XII who allied with Pope Alexander and took Milan and part of Naples
- Pope Julius II - “warrior pope” drove the French out of Italy again
- Third French Invasion by King Francis I that led to:
- Italian Political Decline
- Habsburg-Valois wars of the first half of the 16th century - All French Losses
- Medici Pope, Clement VII watched the army of Emperor Charles V sack Rome in 1527
19
Q
Niccolo Machiavelli (Italian Humanist)
A
- Convinced by the chaos of foreign invasions that Italian political unity and independence were ends that justified any means
- Concluded only a strongman could impose order on a divided/selfish people
- Wrote “The Prince”
- Recommended the temporary use of fraud and brutality to achieve Italian unity
- Hoped for a strong ruler to come from the Medici family to deliver Italy
20
Q
Medieval Monarchies
A
- Monarchies tended to be weak
- Vassals sought maximum independence from their lords
- Representative Assemblies (nobles, clergy, townsmen) moderated royal authority:
- English Parliament
- French Estates General
- The German Diet
- The Spanish Cortes
21
Q
Monarchies in Northern Europe
A
- After Hundred Years War and Great Papal Schism - nobility/clergy in decline, less able to block royal power of national monarchies
- Loyal townspeople who allied with and served kings broke the bonds of feudal society
- Powers of taxation, war-making, enforcement of the law - belonged to monarchs and their chosen agents
22
Q
Printing Press
A
- Johann Gutenberg invented printing with movable type in the German city of Mainz
- Cheap paper, economical books, broadened content, wider and international audiences
- More print propaganda - less credulous laity
23
Q
Erasmus
A
- Most famous norther humanist who gained fame as an educational and religious reformer
- Believed discipline study of classics/Bible was the best way to reform individuals/society
- Described his ideal “The philosophy of Christ” as a simple ethical piety in imitation of Christ
- Erasmus laid the egg that Luther hatched
24
Q
Martin Luther
A
- Enrolled at the University of Erfurt
- Completed B.A and MA degrees and began in the field of Legal Studies
- Struck down by lightning bolt he soon joined Augustinian monastery
- Ordained a Priest
- Earned Doctorate in Theology at the University of Wittenberg
- Appointed preacher in city church in Wittenberg and lived there his whole life
25
Q
German Reformation to 1525
A
- Martin Luther’s 95 thesis sparked the Reformation in Germany
- Luther protested claims that the purchase of indulgences remitted sins and released unrepentant sinners form time in purgatory
- Martin Luther believed Salvation came from faith alone - Not from divine mercy and good works
- Pope Leo X condemned Luther for Heresy and excommunicated him
26
Q
Fredrick the Wise
A
- Luther’s lord and protector - prevented harm from coming to Luther
- Most prominent of HRE’s seven electors
27
Q
Luther’s 3 famous pamphlets
A
- “Address to the Christian Nobility of the German Nation” (urged princes to force reforms on church)
- “Babylonian Captivity” (2 sacraments not 7)
- “Freedom of a Christian” (Salvation by Faith alone)
28
Q
Diet of Worms
A
- Where Luther had a trial however he refused to Recant an Charles V declared him a heretic/outlaw (Edict of Worms)
- Fredrick hid Luther in Wart burg castle
29
Q
Diet of Speyer
A
- Charles V agreed that each German territory was free to or not to enforce Edict of Worms in exchange for helping him in wars against Turks and French
30
Q
Protestant Reformation
A
- Religious movement that broke out first in the free imperial cities of Germany and Switzerland
- Catholic Church’s demise in German lands offered political /economical opportunities
31
Q
Schmaldkaldic League
A
- German protestant’s defensive alliance to prepare for war with the catholic empire
32
Q
Peasant Revolt (1524-1525)
A
- Leaders (some Lutheran) solicited Luther’s help
- Initially Luther sympathized with the peasants
- Later Luther condemned peasants for their revolt
- 70,000-100,000 peasants died in crushed revolt
33
Q
Reformation in Switzerland
A
- Switzerland - Loose confederacy of 13 cantons(states), either protestant, catholic or both
- Two Civil wars Protestant vs. Catholic Zwingli was killed in the second one
- Swiss Reformation later merged with Calvinism
34
Q
Ulrich Zwingli
A
- Humanist educated leader of Swiss reformation centered in Zurich
- Zwingli’s Reform Guideline: Whatever lacked literal support in scripture was to be neither believed or practiced
35
Q
The Marburg Colloquy
A
- Landgrave Phillip of Hesse sought to unite Swiss and German protestants in a mutual defense pact
- Luther vs. Zwingli (bitter theological difference over the nature of Christ’s presence in Eucharist)
- Splintered the protestant movement theologically and politically - formed separate defense leagues
36
Q
Anabaptist (re-baptize)
A
- Rejection of infant baptism
- Insistence on only adult baptism - made by consenting adult
- Persecuted by Lutherans, Zwinglians and Catholics
- Re baptism became a capital offense
37
Q
Conrad Grebel
A
- Ana baptism originated with him
- Performed first adult baptism
- Broke with Zwingli
38
Q
Schleitheim Confession
A
- Adult baptism, pacifism, refusal to swear oaths, non participation in offices of secular government
39
Q
Menno Simons
A
- Founder of the Mennonites
- Non provocative separatist Ana baptism - became the historical form of Ana baptism surviving to present
40
Q
John Calvin
A
- Born into well to do French family
- Best education at Parisian colleges (law degree)
- Conversion to Protestantism - said his “long stubborn heart” was “made teachable”
- His own struggle/experience became a model for reform
41
Q
Calvinism
A
- Replaced Lutheranism in the second half of the 16th century as the dominant Protestant force in Europe
- Inspired/accompanied political resistance in France, the Netherlands and Scotland
- Strongly emphasized both divine
42
Q
Reformation in Geneva
A
- City Council got legal/Political powers
- City voted/adopted reformation
- Calvin arrived fleeing persecution, persuaded to stay and assist French reformation
- Calvin exiled from Geneva (Reforms too fast)
43
Q
Calvin’s Geneva
A
- Pastored French exiles in Strasbourg and learned from reformer Martin Brucer
- Set up Genevan Church on Strasbourg model
- Consistory (regulatory court) - implanted the strictest moral discipline
- After 1555 Geneva became home to thousands of exiled protestants - refuges made up more than 1/3 population
44
Q
Diet of Augsburg (1530)
A
- Assembly of Protestant & Catholic representatives called to address division in HRE by Charles V, who bluntly ordered Lutherans to revert to Catholicism
45
Q
Augsburg Confession
A
- Moderate statement of Protestant beliefs spurned by Emperor Charles V
