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Rise of Europe > Test 1 > Flashcards

Test 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Minoan Culture

A
  • Arose on Crete 3rd/2nd millennia B.C.E (Bronze Age)
  • Height of civilization was 1900-1400 B.C.E
  • Built large palaces, most important was Cnossos
  • Did not have strong defensive walls
  • 3 forms of writing: Hieroglyphics, Linear A, and Linear B( early form of Greek)
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2
Q

Mycenaean Culture

A
  • Thrived in Mainland of Aegean 1600-1200 B.C.E (Bronze Age)
  • Height was 1400-1200 B.C.E
  • Centered in Mycenae
  • Warrior people with fortified cities
  • Non-indo- European language
    Used early Greek language for inventory
  • Disappeared by 1100 B.C.E
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3
Q

Hellenic Greece

A

The period from the Bronze Age to Alexander the Great 1100-300 B.C.E

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4
Q

Hellenistic Greece

A

Period of 3 centuries- beginning with Alexander the Great- when Greek culture spread well beyond its homeland to Egypt and deep in to Asia

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5
Q

Greek Middle(Dark) Ages

A
  • 1100-750 B.C.E
  • Happened in Greek mainland, Aegean Islands, Asia Minor
  • Writing disappeared after fall of Mycenae
  • Best source of info during this period is Homer’s epic poems
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6
Q

Greek Migration

A
  • Aegean Sea became “Great Lake”

- Greeks turned inward and each community was left for their own devices.

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7
Q

Homeric Society

A

Kings not as powerful as Mycenaean rulers and consulted with nobles

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8
Q

Hierarchical Society

A

Basically nobles and everyone else

  1. Nobles
  2. Thetes (Farmers)
  3. Landless Laborers (Most vulnerable)
  4. Slaves
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9
Q

Homeric Values

A
  • Aristocratic Values
  • Highest Virtue
  • Central Ethical Ideas
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10
Q

Aristocratic Values

A

Strength, Courage, Honor, and Reputation

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11
Q

Highest Virtue

A

Manliness/ Courage

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12
Q

Central Ethical Ideas

A

Always be the best and distinguished among others, and don’t shame your family

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13
Q

Women in Homeric Society

A
  • Main role to bear and raise children
  • Most prized qualities: Beauty, constancy, and skill at weaving
  • Oversaw servants, sage guarded property
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14
Q

Polis

A
  • Began as agriculture villages or towns, but not all became cities.
  • Politically independent
  • Community of Relatives
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15
Q

Agora

A

Marketplace or Civic center within a Polis

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16
Q

Development of Polis

A
  • Greek writing system immerged within a Polis 750 B.C.E

- Aristocratic Republics replaced monarchies

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17
Q

Phalanx

A
  • Body of hoplite formed in close ranks about 8 deep

- Depended on discipline, Strength, and Courage of individuals working together

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18
Q

Hoplite

A
  • Heavily armored infantrymen; spear and large shield

- Usually battle neighboring Polies for land

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19
Q

Tyrant

A
  • A monarch who gained power in an unorthodox way and exercised strong one-man rule – often in a constructive and popular way
  • Emerged in Greece 700-500 B.C.E
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20
Q

Sparta (Military Society)

A
  • Age 7- Boys put in Full time military training
  • Age 20- Men enrolled into army
  • Age 30- Men acquired full citizenship
  • Age 60- Required military service completed
  • Girls: Not given military, but gymnastic
    training, taught like the boys to serve the state
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21
Q

Sparta (Government)

A
  • Had 2 Kings equal power (Monarchy)
  • Council of Elders 28 men over 60 (Oligarchy)
  • Board of Ephors: 5 men elected annually by assembly
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22
Q

Athens (Government)

A
  • Aristocratic Rule
  • Council of Nobles (Areopagus) governed and were the true masters of the state
  • Magistrates (Archons)- Council elected 9 archons annually, after 1 year they became a member in the council of nobles.
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23
Q

Athens (Troubles and Solutions)

A
  • Law Code of Draco (621 B.C.E) - First written law codified/published in Athens
  • Reforms of Solon (594B.C.E) - Solon elected as the only archon with extraordinary power to legislate and revise the constitution
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24
Q

Solon (Athenian Ruler)

A
  • Elected Sole Archon {594 B.C.E)
  • Agricultural, economic reforms
  • Constitutional Changes: Citizenship expanded, Citizens divided into classes based on wealth, “Council of 400”
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25
Q

Pisistratus the Tyrant (Athenian Ruler)

A
  • First Athenian Tyrant
  • Sought to empower the central government at the expense of the nobles
  • Unintentionally fostered Athenian’s taste for self-government
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26
Q

Clisthenes (Athenian Ruler)

A
  • Founder of Democracy
  • Furthered reforms of Solon and Pisistratus: increased citizen rolls, decreased power of the aristocracy
  • “Council of 500”
  • Role of assembly elevated
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27
Q

Life in Archaic Greece

A
  • Farmer: Life in Constant turmoil

- Aristocrat: Life of Leisure and Competition, went to Symposiums and Athletic events

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28
Q

Symposium

A

Center of social life in Greece; drinking, party with song, poetry, philosophical debate

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29
Q

Herodotus

A
  • Greek Historian known as the “Father of History”

- Covered Greece’s war with Persia

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30
Q

Greek Wars Against Persia

A
  • Ionian Rebellion
  • Battle of Marathon (490 B.C.E) - Persian expedition against Athens defeated
  • The Great Invasion (480-479 B.C.E) - Persians under Xerxes vs. Sparta, Athens and Greek League
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31
Q

The Delian League

A
  • Aim was to free all Greeks from Persian rule
  • Athens was the head-runner
  • Leadership of Cimon
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32
Q

Thucydides

A
  • Greek Historian and military commander

- Focused on the Persian wars long term causes

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33
Q

First Peloponnesian War (460-445 B.C.E)

A
  • Athens vs. Sparta
  • Early Athenian Dominance
  • 449 B.C.E Athens ends war with Persia
  • 445 B.C.E 30 Years’ Peace
  • Athens gives up mainland to Sparta
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34
Q

Athenian Empire

A
  • After 455 B.C.E Athenians started taking 1/16 of the Delian League’s revenues
  • Athenian Alliance changed to Athenian Empire
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35
Q

Athenian Democracy

A
  • Under Pericles - Freest government yet
  • No more class restrictions
  • Citizenship limited to those men with two Greek parents
  • Popular assembly approves all decisions
  • Popular courts, and no standing army or police force
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36
Q

Court in Athens

A
  • Justice placed in hands of the citizens
  • No lawyers, no Judge
  • Decision was made by jury usually 501 members no less than 51 and no more than 1501
  • Simple majority decided the verdict
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37
Q

Religion in Greek public life

A
  • Participating in religious life was good citizenship

- Acting against religious beliefs was acting against the state

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38
Q

The Great Peloponnesian War

A
  • Corcyra - Corinth dispute
  • Peloponnesian League vs. Athenian Empire
  • Persia aids Sparta - Athenian States rebel
  • Athenian Empire dismantled 404 B.C.E
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39
Q

Classical Period of Greek Culture

(479-338 B.C.E)

A
  • Creative
  • Athenian Golden Age - Between Persian and Peloponnesian Wars
  • Attic Tragedy: Sophocles
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40
Q

Sophocles (495-405 B.C.E)

A
  • Most successful playwright in Athens in the 5th century
  • Voted Athens best author
  • Athenian people made him a treasurer, General, Advisor, and a hero
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41
Q

Greek Gods

A

Had mostly characteristics of Mesopotamian Deities

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42
Q

Philosophy

A

Branch of knowledge that deals with ultimate reality, or with existence and the nature and cause of things

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43
Q

Thales

A
  • First Greek Philosopher
  • 6th century B.C.E
  • Attempted to answer questions about nature
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44
Q

Xenophanes of Colophon

A
  • 6th century B.C.E

- Said humans think of the gods as resembling themselves

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45
Q

Hippocrates of Cos

A
  • Around 400 B.C.E
  • New Practical approach to medicine
  • Attempted to cure disease without any attention to super natural forces
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46
Q

Sophists

A

A group of professional teachers who traveled about and received pay for teaching practical techniques of persuasion (rhetoric, dialectic and argumentation)

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47
Q

Rhetoric

A

The art of using language effectively to persuade or influence others

48
Q

Dialectic

A

The critical investigation of truth through reasoned argument, often by means of dialogue or discussion

49
Q

Argumentation

A

The interchange of argument, debate

50
Q

Hellenistic World

A

The PERIOD of THREE CENTURIES during which GREEK CULTURE spread to Egypt and into Asia

51
Q

Macedonian Conquest

A
  • Phillip of Macedon
  • Conquest of Greece (338 B.C.E) - Athens under Demosthenes
  • League of Corinth - Formed to invade Persia under Phillip
52
Q

Alexander the Great

A
  • Alexander III (356-323 B.C.E)
  • Took Power at Age 20
  • Conquered Egypt and Persian empire
  • Died of illness at age 33
53
Q

Ptolemy I

A
  • Alexander the Great Successor

- Founder of the Egyptian Dynasty ending with the death of Cleopatra

54
Q

Seleucus I

A
  • Founder of the Mesopotamian Seleucid Dynasty

- Alexander the Great successor

55
Q

Antigonus I

A
  • Founder of the Antigonid Dynasty in Asia Minor and Macedon
  • Alexander the Great Successor
56
Q

Macedonian Conquest

A
  • Ended Greek independence and the central role of the Polis
57
Q

Skepticism

A
  • Thought nothing philosophical could be known
58
Q

Cynicism

A
  • Distorted the ideas of Socrates

- Virtue from deeds not knowledge

59
Q

Epicureanism

A
  • Sough happiness through life based on reason
60
Q

Stoicism

A
  • Live in Harmony with Gods and nature
61
Q

Etruscans

A
  • Most powerful external influence on early Romans
  • Rose around 800 B.C.E in Tuscany
  • Military Ruling
  • Driven out of northern Italy by Celtic people of Gaul
62
Q

Etruscan Women

A
  • Had a more active and public role than Greek Women
63
Q

Imperium

A
  • Power to issue commands and enforce them that was granted to kings by the Roman Empire
64
Q

Clientage

A
  • Clients (social inferiors) granted protection/assistance by wealthy patrons in exchange for labor, military service, or political support
65
Q

Patricians

A
  • Upper class, monopoly of power and influence, alone could sit in the senate or hold office, forbidden to marry plebeians
66
Q

Plebeians

A
  • Lower class of dependent small farmers, laborers, artisans, clients of nobility - as Rome grew some plebeians grew rich
67
Q

Republic

A
  • A state in which power rests with the people or their representatives - A state without a monarchy
  • Roman Republic: According to tradition, created after the noble revolt of 509 B.C.E
68
Q

Roman Constitution

A
  • Unwritten accumulation of laws and customs
69
Q

The Consuls

A
  • 2 patricians elected for 1 year
  • Given imperium power
  • Led armies, had religious duties, served as judge
  • Had veto power
  • After Consul he goes to Senate
70
Q

Quaestors

A
  • Financial officials who assisted the consuls
71
Q

Lictors

A
  • Minor officials who accompanied the consuls bearing rods and axe
72
Q

Dictator

A
  • Appointed by consuls with Senate advice for only 6 months, given an imperium inside and outside Rome not limited by appeal
73
Q

Proconsul

A

Invented to extend the term of the consul who was serving in a long military campaign

74
Q

Praetor

A

Created to provide commanders for extra campaigns, basic function was judge, but also served as a general with imperium

75
Q

Censors

A

Senate elected two former consuls for 5 year terms to compile a citizen roll for taxes

76
Q

Senate

A
  • Only continuous deliberative body in the state

- Controlled the states finances and foreign policy

77
Q

Assembly

A
  • Early Republic army acting in political capacity
  • Basic Unit was the century (100 fighting men)
  • Elected consuls/magistrates, voted on bills, decided on war/peace, served as court of appeal
78
Q

Tribunes

A

Elected by plebeian assembly to protect plebeians from the arbitrary power of patrician magistrates

79
Q

Tiberius Gracchus

A
  • Became tribune in 133 B.C.E on program land reform; threatened the power of the senate with appeals to the assembly
80
Q

Gaius Gracchus

A
  • Tribune from 123-122 B.C.E; made further reforms after his brother, appealed to a broad range of groups (equestrian)
81
Q

Marius

A

Elected consul and sent to end Jugurthine War in Africa – political newcomer

82
Q

Sulla

A
  • Subordinate of Marius who trapped Jugurtha, ending the war – became embittered when credit went to Marius
  • Civil war left Sulla as a Dictator
  • During his dictatorship Sulla used his power to massacre opponents, neutered the office of the tribune
  • Improved the courts and legal system
83
Q

Pompey

A
  • Enormously successful and popular Roman general given wide powers in Spain, then Asia
84
Q

Crassus

A
  • Given command of most of Italy to put down the slave rebellion led by Spartacus
85
Q

Julius Caesar (100-44B.C.E)

A
  • Caesar was elected consul (59 B.C.E) and quickly enacted the Triumvirs’ program
  • Caesar concurred Gaul, but Pompey took power in his absence
  • Because of Civil War Caesar granted “Dictator for life”
  • Caesar assassinated by a senate conspiracy led by Cassius and Brutus
86
Q

The First Triumvirate: Pompey, Crassus, and Caesar

A

Despite few commonalities – united in opposition to the Roman Senate

87
Q

Octavian

A
  • Caesar named his nephew Gaius Octavius (63-14 B.C.E) as his successor, became Octavian
  • Was the leader of the west
  • Became associated with order, justice, and virtue
  • Had a falling out with Antony became Rome vs. Alexandria
  • Octavian became the master of the Mediterranean world
88
Q

Antony

A
  • Was leader of the East
  • Joined with Cleopatra, Queen of Egypt, in Alexandria
  • Went to war with Octavian
89
Q

Lepidus

A
  • Was leader of Africa, faded quickly
90
Q

Second Triumvirate

A
  • Octavian, Mark Antony, and Aemilius Lepidus

- Took control of Rome - getting near dictatorial powers

91
Q

Battle of Actium (31 B.C.E)

A
  • Octavian was victorious
  • Both Antony and Cleopatra committed suicide
  • Octavian became leader of the Mediterranean world
92
Q

Why did the Republic fail?

A
  • Empire responsibilities were to much
  • Equestrians - new powerful class developed
  • Volunteer armies (landless men)
  • Military Leaders - Ambitious men who were no longer under control of the Senate or the Constitution
  • The result was Civil War
93
Q

Octavian’s Monarchy

A
  • The reality of Octavian’s early government despite its republican appearance
94
Q

Princeps

A
  • The republic-evoking title adopted first by Octavian meaning “First Citizen”
95
Q

Augustus

A
  • Octavian’s new semireligious title of veneration, majesty, sacredness
96
Q

Principate

A
  • Name of Augustus’s new regime beginning on 13 January 27 B.C.E.
97
Q

The Augustus Principate

A
  • In 23 B.C.E the senate granted Augustus imperium maius and tribunician power
98
Q

Imperium Maius

A
  • Greatest proconsul power
99
Q

Tribunician

A
  • Allowed Augustus to conduct business in the Senate

- Gave him power to veto, immunity from arrest and punishment, and connection with the Roman popular tradition

100
Q

Augustan Administration

A
  • Transferring most functions of the assemblies to the Senate
  • Set limit at 600 senators
  • Controlled Senate elections
  • Divided Rome into regions and wards
  • Installed Rome’s first fire and police department
  • Controlled grain distribution to the poor
  • Created organizations to provide a good water supply
  • Chose/Removed Governors in the provinces
101
Q

Augustan Army and Defense

A
  • 20 year enlistments, good pay, promised pension money or land
  • Attracted merchants to new towns/cities
102
Q

Roman Culture

A
  • High point of Roman Culture came in the last century of the late Republic and during Principate of Augustus
  • Reflected not only Greek influence, but unique Roman qualities as well.
103
Q

Cicero

A
  • Was the towering literary figure
104
Q

Sallust

A
  • Great Roman Historian
105
Q

Roman Legal Code

A
  • Developed from a homeland view of the law to a law of peoples through contact with foreign peoples; influence of Greek ideas
106
Q

Lucretius

A
  • Poet who aimed to save society from fear of death or superstition
107
Q

Catullus

A
  • Poet who wrote short personal poems, joys/pains of love and wit, not moral lessons
108
Q

Vergil

A
  • Most important Augustan poet - glorified the civil greatness, peace and prosperity that Augustus brought to Rome
109
Q

Livy

A
  • Was a historian who was the most important and influential prose writer of the time - had moral purpose for his History of Rome
110
Q

Roman Emperors

A
  • Tiberius, Gaius, Claudius, and Nero succeeded Augustus and were descended from either him or Livia, his wife (Julio-Claudian Dynasty)
  • IMPERIAL ROME (14-180 C.E.)
  • FIVE “GOOD EMPERORS” – appointed by the SENATE followed the Flavian Dynasty – Nerva, Trajan, Hadrian Antonius Pius, Marcus Aurelius
  • The DEATH of MARCUS AURELIUS ended the REIGN of the five “GOOD EMPERORS”
111
Q

Silver Age

A
  • Literary period (14-180 C.E) - Writings were gloomy, negative and pessimistic
112
Q

Christianity

A
  • Emerged and spread throughout the Roman Empire
  • Monotheistic religion
  • Prime status is Jesus Christ
113
Q

Jesus of Nazareth

A
  • Born in the Roman province of Judea
  • 12 Disciples; made miracles
  • Stood trial before Roman governor, Pontius Pilot
  • Was crucified and buried
  • On the 3rd day it is believed he rose from the dead
114
Q

Paul of Tarsus

A
  • Born “Saul of Tarsus” was a Roman citizen
  • Zealous member of a Jewish sect (Pharisees) that strictly adhered to Jewish law
  • Prosecuted Christians
  • Converted later and changed his name to Paul
  • Apostle to the Gentiles (non-Jews) and key contributor to the success of Christianity
115
Q

The Persecution of Christians

A
  • Christians were accused of atheism
  • They were accused of treason
  • Claudius expelled them from Rome
  • Nero tried to make them scapegoats
  • Trajan urged moderation towards Christians
  • Mobs, not the government, started most prosecutions

Rise of Europe (3 decks)

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