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Rise of Europe > Test 2 > Flashcards

Test 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Western Empire (5th Century +)

A
  • Became increasingly rural
  • Became composed of isolated units (rural aristocrats, and dependent laborers)
  • Became ruled by a new power - The Kingdom of the Franks (Merovingian and Carolingian)
  • Produced a peculiar social form - Manor
  • Produced a peculiar political form - Feudalism
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2
Q

Eastern Empire (4th Century +)

A
  • Constantinople (the “New Rome”) - became the Center of “Byzantine” Culture
  • Byzantine cities prospered
  • Commerce flourished (because of strong navy)
  • Classical culture lasted 1000 years longer in East than West
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3
Q

Far East (3rd Century +)

A
  • Sassanians - Became empire in 3rd century
  • Sassanians protracted struggle with their Roman/Byzantine neighbors for 300 years
  • Islamic Empire emerged (7th Century)
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4
Q

Successors of Muhammad

A
  • Overthrew the Sassanians, laid siege to Constantinople and extended Muslim influence even to Spain
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5
Q

The Reign of Justinian

A
  • Pinnacle of First period of Byzantine history

- Expected all Subjects to submit absolutely

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6
Q

Empress Theodora

A
  • Was a true co-ruler to Justinian
  • Her intelligence/toughness rivaled Justinian’s
  • She insisted Justinian respond to Riots by ordering the death of tens of thousands
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7
Q

Justinian Law

A
  • “One god, One empire, One religion”
  • Justinian centralized government by imposing legal and doctrinal conformity
  • He ordered a collation/revision of Roman law
  • Result: Corpus Juris Civilis (body of Civil Law)
    - Code (Imperial edicts)
    - Digest (Opinions of the old legal experts)
    - Institutes (Practical textbook for young scholars)
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8
Q

Re-Conquest in the West

A
  • Beginning in 533 - his armies over ran: Vandals in North Africa and Sicily, Ostrogoth’s in Italy
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9
Q

Justinian’s Death

A
  • Justinian left his empire exhausted financially
  • Ravaged by Plague
  • Reduced by Lombard invaders and Muslim Arabs
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10
Q

Procopius

A
  • Justinian’s court historian and biographer
  • Considered Justinian/Theodora Tyrants
  • Wrote “Secret History” - Said only criticism for Justinian and Theodora
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11
Q

Spread of Byzantine Christianity

A
  • Slaves and Buglars eventually converted to Eastern Orthodox (Byzantine Christianity)
  • Slav Duke Rastislav of Moria (9th century) turned to Constantinople for help
  • Missionaries Cyril and Methodius - created a new Greek based alphabet - this permitted the Slavs to create their own language
  • Alphabet later elevated to Cryillic Script
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12
Q

Emperor Leo III (Isaurian Dynasty) (717-740)

A
  • Succeeded in repelling Arab armies
  • Regained most of Asia Minor
  • Lost - Syria, Egypt, and North Africa
  • Reconstructed the diminishing Byzantine Empire
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13
Q

After Leo III’s Reform

A
  • Byzantium - went on the offensive - pushing back the Muslims in Armenia & northern Syria
  • Internal stability - flourishing cultural age
  • Devastating defeats by Seljuk Turks, Ottoman Turks, and the Fourth Crusade
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14
Q

Islam

A
  • Emerged 7th Century
  • Islamic armies absorbed attention/resources from emperors in the East and rulers in the West
  • Muslims - At first open and cautious - overtime after increased conflict with Christians they became more protective
  • Islamic culture did not take root in the West
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15
Q

Muhammad (570-632)

A
  • Orphan
  • Married a wealthy widow
  • Was a social Activist
  • Had his life transformed (Age 40) - by a deep religious experience - committed to reform
  • Received revelations from the angle Gabriel
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16
Q

Muhammad’s Religion

A
  • Qur’an (“reciting”) - compiled by his follower 650-651
  • Muslim (“submissive” or “surrendering”)
  • Islam itself means submission
  • Muhammad - believed to be the last of God’s chosen prophets - became “the Prophet”
  • Islam is monotheistic and theocentric like Judaism
  • Mecca (pagan pilgrimage site) - later conquered & made center of the new religion
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17
Q

Ka’ba

A
  • Became Islam’s holiest shrine, housed a sacred black meteorite that was originally a pagan object of warship
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18
Q

Hegira (“flight”)

A
  • The event of Muhammad fleeing Mecca (622) for Medina - Marks the beginning of the Islamic calendar
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19
Q

Ulema

A
  • Persons with correct knowledge
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20
Q

Islamic Diversity

A
  • Kharijites - Most radical
  • Shi’a - Partisans of Ali
  • Sunnis - followers of Sunna, or “tradition”
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21
Q

Islamic Empires

A
  • Capital of the Islamic Empire moved from Mecca to Damascus to Baghdad in Iraq
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22
Q

Toward Frankish Ascendency

A
  • Byzantine Empire occupied with Islamic threat - Most of the West left to the Franks and Lombard’s
  • Western Culture formed from Greco-Roman, Judeo-Christian and barbarian heritages
  • Decline of political powers matched by the Rise of the Christian church
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23
Q

Barbarian rule in the West

A
  • Western Empire Saturated by barbarians by the end of the 5th century
  • Roman and Germanic cultures mix, Roman more influential
  • Franks of Gaul (modern France) Convert to Catholic (Roman) Christianity around 500
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24
Q

Western Society and Christianity

A
  • Church government in the West was centralized in Rome and hierarchical
  • Cathedral became the center of urban life
  • Local bishop became the highest authority
  • Bishop of Rome (Pope) filled the vacuum left by the departure of the Roman emperors
  • 476 - The end of the Western Roman Empire and its last emperor - Romulus Augustulus
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25
Q

Monastic Culture

A
  • Monks (who fled corruption in this world to follow Christ) grew in numbers and respect
  • With the Rise of the Church, Monasticism replaced martyrdom as the eminent tribute
  • Life of chastity, poverty and obedience
  • Hermit and Communal monasticism
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26
Q

Benedict of Nursia

A
  • Founded the Benedictine Order (529), wrote a Rule for Monasteries, Christianized Germany and England
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27
Q

Papal Primacy

A
  • Early precedent: Constantine I (The Great) - as emperor of the state - exercised control over the church in both the East and the West
  • Doctrine of Papal Primacy supplanted the earlier precedent & raised The Roman bishop (Pope) to position of supremacy in the church
  • Popes title pontifex Maximus (“Supreme Priest”)
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28
Q

Religious Division of Christendom

A
  • Nature of the Trinity (emphasis on the “oneness” of God vs. the “three-ness” of God
  • Place of images in warship (iconoclasm)
  • Claim of Eastern Emperors to both secular and religious sovereignty (Ceasaropapism)
  • Eastern Church denied existence of purgatory, allowed divorce, permitted priests (not bishops) to marry, used local language in worship services (not just Latin or Greek)
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29
Q

Western European Debt to Islam

A
  • Arab invasions helped shape Western Europe
  • Islamic diversion of Byzantine Empire allowed two Germanic peoples to gain ascendency in the West (Franks, Lombard’s)
  • Arabs brought new innovations to Farmers and trades to artisans
  • Islamic Scholars translated Greek works into Latin
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30
Q

Merovingian

A
  • Clovis (466-511) - A warrior chieftain who converted to Catholic Christianity around 496
  • Clovis founded the first Frankish Dynasty - the Merovingian’s
  • Frankish kings became king by title only
  • Real power in office of “mayor of the palace”
  • Through this office the Carolingian Dynasty Rose to Power
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31
Q

Carolingians

A
  • Controlled the Office - Mayor of the Palace - from Pepin I to 751, when helped by the Pope they seized the Frankish crown
  • Pepin II ruled in fact, if not in title
  • Charles Martel, “the hammer”, 741, created a cavalry, bestowing lands (“benefices” or “fiefs”) on nobleman to be on call to serve king’s army
  • This army then defeated the Muslims
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32
Q

The Frankish Church

A
  • Used by Carolingians to pacify conquered neighbors - conversion was part of annexation
  • Saint Boniface (680-754) won hearts/minds of the conquered as an Angelo-Saxon missionary
  • in 754, the Franks and the church formed an alliance against Lombard’s and Eastern emperor
  • Carolingian kings from Pepin III (“the short”)on became the protectors of the Catholic Church
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33
Q

“Life of Charlemagne” (Einhard)

A
  • Einhard - Charlemagne’s on- site biographer
34
Q

Feudal Society

A
  • The social, political, military and economic systems that emerged in the Middle Ages
35
Q

Why did Feudal Society emerge in the West?

A
  • Carolingian monarchy collapsed (the absence of an effective central government)
  • Vikings, Magyars, and Muslims attacked the West
  • Local populations depended on local strongmen for protection (for immediate security from violence and starvation)
36
Q

Vassals (those who serve)

A
  • individual freemen who served more powerful freemen in local fighting units and other ways
37
Q

Vassalage

A
  • The placement of oneself in the personal service of another who promises protection in return
38
Q

Fealty

A
  • A promise to refrain from any action that might threaten another’s well-being & to perform personal services for them on request
39
Q

Manors

A
  • Village Farm that controlled and organized the agrarian economy of the Early middle ages
40
Q

Three Field System

A

A system of Land Cultivation that alternated Fallow fields with planted fields each year

  • Results:
    - Increased amount of cultivated land
    - Better adjusted crops to seasons
    - Helped increase yields - because the new summer crops restored nitrogen to the soil
41
Q

Nobles

A
  • Those who fought as knights
  • Arms were the nobleman’s profession
  • Warfare was his occupation
  • Entered knighthood by ritual of dubbing
  • Two peacetime amusements: hunting and tournaments (joust)
42
Q

Clergy

A
  • Those who prayed
43
Q

Regular Clergy

A
  • Made up of the orders of monks who lived under a special ascetic rule in cloisters separated from the world
44
Q

Secular Clergy

A
  • Lived and worked among the laity in the world
45
Q

Peasants

A
  • Those who labored in the fields
  • The largest and lowest social group
  • All other social groups depended on them for their own well being
46
Q

SERF

A
  • A peasant tied to the land he tilled
47
Q

Traders/Merchants

A
  • Emerged after the revival of towns in the 11th century

- Became established as the middle class

48
Q

OTTO I

A
  • Inherited by his father a kingdom created by forcefully combining the duchies of Swabia, Bavaria, Saxony, Franconia, and Lotharingia
  • Treated each independent, hereditary Dutch as subordinate members of a unified kingdom
  • Named OTTO the Great after defeating the Hungarians
  • Made bishops and Abbots into agents of his German kingdom because they could not marry therefor composed no threat with a competing Dynasty.
  • Was crowned emperor of the Holy Roman Empire
  • Eventually the Western church fell under the control of Otto
49
Q
  • Cluny Reform Movement
A
  • Church reform movement beginning in early tenth century based in Cluny
  • The church lost respect because the clergy were tools of kings and magnates, and the papacy was a toy of the Italian nobles
  • Pope Leo IX set up synods to oppose clerical marriage and Simony (the selling of spiritual things, especially church offices)
50
Q

Lay Investiture

A
  • Process by which Secular officials and Rulers appoint bishops and other church officials
51
Q

Pope Gregory VII vs. Emperor Henry IV (investiture controversy)

A
  • Pope Gregory VII ruled that only popes could install bishops and excommunicated Henry
  • Henry IV was initially subservient, regained power, forced Gregory to exile (where he died) and installed an antipope
52
Q

The Crusades

A
  • The primary objective of the First Crusade was to rescue the holy city of Jerusalem
  • 2nd and 3rd Crusades both failed to secure the area
  • 4th Crusade became piratical, commercial venture controlled by the Venetians.
53
Q

The Pontificate of Innocent III

A
  • Made the Papacy a great Secular power with financial resources and a bureaucracy
  • Used the crusade against Islam and to suppress internal dissent and heresy
  • Directed the 4th Lateran Council
  • Gave Sanction and Special privileges to two new monastic orders: Franciscans & Dominicans
54
Q

William the Conqueror

A
  • Made all of England’s landholders into vassals, landholdings into fiefs
55
Q

Doomsday Book

A
  • County by county survey of land
56
Q

King Richard (the lionhearted) and King John I

A
  • Bred English discontent by burdensome taxation for unnecessary foreign crusades
  • Resistance to John I rule turned to outright rebellion after France defeated England
57
Q

Magna Carta

A
  • Limited the autocratic behavior of the King and secured the rights of the privileged against England’s monarch
58
Q

France in the High Middle Ages

A
  • Feudal princes dominated France from the beginning of the Capetian Dynasty
59
Q

Phillip II Augustus

A
  • Inherited the financial resources and skilled bureaucracy enabling him to resist the efforts of the French nobility and Clergy to defend his rule
  • Unified France politically around the monarchy by defeating an English-Flemish-German army in the First great European battle
60
Q

Louis IX

A
  • Foreign Policy: Magnanimity profited England with Treaty of Paris, Neutrally benefitted the Papacy, and Crusades against Muslims became his personal demise
  • Effectively Consolidated his power by using royal commissioners to ensure Justice
  • His rule coincided with the golden age of scholasticism, which saw the convergence of Europe’s greatest thinkers on Paris
61
Q

Scholasticism

A
  • Method of study based on logic and dialectic in medieval schools.
  • Dialectic - Negative, logical inquiry, the art of discovering a truth by finding the contradictions in arguments against it
62
Q

University

A
  • Originally meant: “A corporation of individuals (students and masters) who joined together for their mutual protection”
  • First important Western University was in Bologna, Italy (1158)
  • College house system was born at Paris - from room/board to rooms in fixed structures
  • Liberal arts required for advanced study
63
Q

Otto IV

A
  • From Welf family crowned emperor
  • One of the weakest rulers of the High Middle Ages - fell from power during the Great European battle at Bouvines (1214)
64
Q

Fredrick II (Germany High Middle Ages)

A
  • His relationship with the pope was disastrous and was excommunicated four times.
  • German monarchy died when Fredrick II died
65
Q

Germany High Middle Ages

A
  • Electoral College set up for future emperors

- The Holy Roman Empire (Germany) resembled Italy in the 1200’s because it slacked stability and centralized authority

66
Q

Gothic Art/ Architecture

A
  • High Middle Ages witnessed the peak of Romanesque art/architecture and the transition to Gothic
  • Romanesque Churches - Fortress like, rounded arches, thick stone walls, heavy columns support vaults or ceiling
  • Gothic Cathedral - Ribbed, Crisscrossing vaulting, pointed arches, exterior buttresses, wide expanses of windows, stained glass
67
Q

The Black Death

A
  • Refers to Bubonic Plague that struck Europe beginning in 1347
  • Was preceded by years of famine which weakened the populace - contributing to bad health and poor immune systems
  • Killed around 2/5 of the Western European population estimated to be about 25 million people
68
Q

Results of the Plague

A
  • Agriculture Prices fell while the price of manufactured goods rose
  • Noble landowners suffered as per capita income in the cities increased
  • Trade/Artisan Guilds became powerful
  • Monarchs were able to continue the process of governmental centralization
69
Q

The Hundred Years’ War

A
  • Lasted from 1337-1453
  • Fought between England and France
  • Took place primarily in France
  • Was an intermittent War - interrupted by both the Plague and peasant Revolts in England as well as France
70
Q

Causes of Hundred Years’ War

A
  • English possession of French coastal lands (prevented royal policy of centralization)
  • Quarrel of Flanders (French fief, but its cloth industry relied on English wool)
  • Strong hereditary claim of King Edward III of England to the French throne thwarted by the accession of Phillip VI of Valois triggered the war.
71
Q

French Strengths & Weakness (100 Years’ War)

A
  • Strength:
    • Much larger population
    • Wealthier than England
  • Weakness:
    • Received poor leadership from its kings
    • Was internally divided
72
Q

English Strength (100 Years’ War)

A
  • Military Superiority over France
  • English Infantry was more disciplined
  • English archers mastered the longbow which gave them a tactical advantage
  • English Kings were better at state building
73
Q

Stage one of 100 Years’ War (Edward III)

A
  • Edward embargoed English wool to Flanders
  • Flemish revolted against France & allied with England recognizing Edward as King of France
  • Edward invades France (Flanders, Normandy)
  • Exhaustion/Plague forced truce (1347)
  • England captures France King (1356)
  • Peace of Bretigny-Calais (Ended Edwards Vassalage)
  • France pushed England back to coastal areas
74
Q

Stage two of 100 Years’ War

A
  • England under Henry V routed the French at Agincourt (1415)
  • Treaty of Troyes (1420) recognized England’s King as heir to French throne but Henry V died
  • Infant English King, Henry VI proclaimed king of both England and France
  • To most French people who ignored the treaty of Troyes - Charles VII was the rightful king
75
Q

Stage three of 100 Years’ War

A
  • French national identity and destiny spurred to unprecedented heights by Joan of Arc
  • Unified France progressively forced the English back after the Duke of Burgundy made peace with Charles VII (1435)
  • By 1453 the English held only their costal enclave (region surrounded by foreign territory) in Calais
76
Q

Summary of the War

A
  • The war saw 68 years of peace and 44 years of war that left lasting political and social consequences
  • The war devastated France but gave them a sense of nationalism, which in turn hastened the transition of France from a feudal monarchy to a centralized state
  • The outcome also made Burgundy a major European political power
77
Q

Pope Boniface VIII

A
  • Decreed new taxes need papal consent
  • Declared a Jubilee Year - All Catholics who visited Rome and fulfilled certain conditions had their sins remitted
  • Issued the Unam Sanctum - “All Royal, temporarily authority to be subject to the spiritual power of the church
  • French army had beat up and humiliated Boniface
  • Since then popes never again seriously threatened kings and emperors
78
Q

Avignon Papacy

A
  • Pope Clement V moved papal court to Avignon
  • Pope John XXII (refused recognition) vs. Emperor Louis IV (deposed the pope/set up an antipope)
  • Pope Clement VI began the practice of selling indulgences (pardons) for unrepented sins, later sold for deceased loved ones in purgatory
  • Avignon’s papal jurisdiction/taxation restricted in France, England and Germany
  • Pope Gregory XI ended “Babylonian Captivity”
79
Q

John Wycliffe

A
  • Argued clergy ought to be content with food and clothing
  • Believed personal merit and morality, not rank & office, was the true basis of religious authority
  • Challenged papal infallibility, sale of indulgences, authority of scripture, and dogma of transubstantiation
  • Was condemned posthumously by the pope for the ancient heresy of Donatism
80
Q

Lollards

A
  • Religious movement inspired by Wycliffe

- Their heresy became a capital offense

81
Q

John Huss

A
  • Leader of the pro-Wycliffe faction at the University of Prague
  • Excommunicated
  • Accused of heresy, convicted and burned
  • Reaction in Bohemia was a revolt where Hussites won religious reforms/church control

Rise of Europe (3 decks)

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